BILL ANALYSIS Ó
AB 329
Page 1
Date of Hearing: April 23, 2013
ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT, SPORTS, TOURISM, AND
INTERNET MEDIA
Ian C. Calderon, Chair
AB 329 (Pan) - As Amended: April 18, 2013
SUBJECT : Ticket issuers and resellers
SUMMARY : This bill would revise existing provisions in law which
regulate ticket issuers, and in addition would also regulate
ticket resellers, as defined, regarding, among other things,
restrictions placed on the resale of event tickets and consumer
protection requirements. This bill would further provide that a
person who intentionally uses software to circumvent a measure on
a ticket issuer's or ticket reseller's website that is used to
ensure an equitable ticket buying process is guilty of a
misdemeanor. Specifically, this bill :
1)Provides the following definitions:
a) "Event" means any concert, theatrical performance,
sporting event, exhibition, show, or similar scheduled
activity taking place in the state that is open to the
general public, for which an admission fee is charged, and
that is held in a venue accommodating more than 1,000 people,
including, but not limited to, venues for which public
funding has been provided for the construction, maintenance,
or operation of the venue or any infrastructure related
thereto or that are located on property owned by a
municipality or other government entity.
b) "Event ticket" means any physical, electronic, or other
form of a certificate, document, voucher, token, or other
evidence indicating that the bearer, possessor, or person
entitled to possession through purchase or otherwise has
either a revocable or irrevocable right, privilege, or
license to enter an event venue or occupy a particular seat
or area in a venue with respect to one or more events or an
entitlement to purchase that right, privilege, or license
with respect to one or more future events.
c) "Online marketplace" means an Internet Web site that
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provides a forum for the resale of event tickets. "Online
marketplace" does not include the Internet Web site of a
reseller or ticket issuer, unless that reseller or ticket
issuer provides a forum for the resale of event tickets on
its Internet Web site.
d) "Person" means any natural person, partnership,
corporation, association, or other legal entity.
e) "Public funding" means the provision by the state, any
county, city and county, municipality, or other subdivision
of the state, or by any local development corporation or
similar instrumentality whose creation was authorized by the
state or by any county, city and county, municipality, or
other subdivision of the state, of funding, grants, payments,
or financial support, including the use of public funds
through or from the use of the issuance of tax-exempt bonds,
payments in lieu of taxes, property tax abatements,
lotteries, sales taxes, or levies on parking, hotels,
alcohol, car rentals, cigarettes, or other goods or services.
f) "Resale" includes any form of transfer or alienation, or
offering for transfer or alienation, of possession or
entitlement to possession of an event ticket from one person
to another, with or without consideration, whether in person
or by means of telephone, mail, delivery service, facsimile,
internet, e-mail, or other electronic means. "Resale" shall
not include the initial sale of an event ticket by a ticket
issuer.
g) "Ticket issuer" means any person that makes event tickets
available, directly or indirectly for initial sale, to the
general public, and may include the operator of a venue, the
sponsor or promoter of an event, a sports team participating
in an event or a league whose teams are participating in an
event, a theater company, musical group, or similar
participant in an event, or an agent of any such person.
"Ticket issuer" shall not include a person involved in, or
facilitating, event ticket resale, an officially appointed
agent of an air carrier, ocean carrier, or motor coach
carrier who purchases or sells tickets in conjunction with a
tour package accomplished through a primary event promoter or
his or her agent by written agreement, or a nonprofit
charitable organization that is exempt from tax under
Internal Revenue Code Section 501(c)(3).
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h) "Ticket reseller" means any person engaging in the resale
of event tickets. A " ticket reseller" shall not include a
person who resells no more than 80 event tickets in any
12-month period
i) "Venue" means the theater, stadium, field, hall, or other
facility where an event takes
place.
2)Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, this bill would
provide that ticket issuers would be subject to misdemeanor
penalties if they did any of the following:
a) Impose any terms or conditions on the event ticket
transferability or otherwise prohibit a person from reselling
the event ticket on an online marketplace not owned or
operated by the ticket issuer or its authorized agent.
b) Impose any terms or conditions restricting the printing or
forwarding of the event ticket, or impose any other pickup or
transfer restrictions, for the purpose or with the
foreseeable effect of, prohibiting the resale or gratuitous
transfer of an event ticket.
c) Employ technological means for the purpose, or with the
foreseeable effect of, prohibiting or restricting the resale
of event tickets, including, but not limited to, issuing
event tickets in an electronic form that is not readily
transferrable to a subsequent purchaser or conditioning entry
into the venue on presentation of a token, like the original
purchaser's credit card or state-issued identification card,
that cannot be readily transferred to a subsequent purchaser.
d) Seek to limit or restrict the price, or to impose a
minimum or maximum price, at which an event ticket may be
resold.
3)Provides that a person who intentionally uses or sells software
to circumvent a security measure, an access control system, or
other control or measure on a ticket issuer's or ticket
reseller's Internet Web site that is used to ensure an equitable
ticket buying process is guilty of misdemeanor.
4)Allows the Department of Consumer Affairs to issue regulations
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to implement the provisions of this chapter, including, but not
limited to, regulations that do both of the following:
a) Prescribe allowable methods for marking of public sales
tickets, including, but not limited to, the marking of event
tickets that are not tangible.
b) Define categories of persons otherwise subject to this
chapter who are temporarily or indefinitely excluded from
the provisions of this chapter, or against whom the Attorney
General determines to forbear the enforcement of this chapter
in whole or in part, if the Attorney General determines the
activities of those persons have a relatively insignificant
impact on commerce in event tickets.
5) Extends the requirements currently applicable to ticket
sellers, as defined, to ticket resellers, as this bill would
define them.
6) Makes additional technical and conforming changes.
EXISTING LAW :
1)Provides that a "ticket seller" means any person who for
compensation, commission, or otherwise sells admission tickets
to sporting, musical, theatre, or any other entertainment event.
(Business & Professions Code Section 22503.)
2)Provides that a "Primary contractor" means the person or
organization that is responsible for the event for which tickets
are being sold. (Business & Professions Code Section 22503.5.)
3)Requires that a ticket seller shall have a permanent business
address and shall be duly licensed as may be required by any
local jurisdiction. (Business & Professions Code Section
22500.)
4)Further requires that a ticket seller shall maintain records of
ticket sales, deposits, and refunds. (Business & Professions
Code Section 22501.)
5)Requires that a ticket seller must, prior to sale, disclose to
the purchaser by means of description or a map the location of
the seat or seats represented by the ticket or tickets.
(Business & Professions Code Section 22502.)
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6)Declares that it shall be unlawful for a ticket seller to
contract for the sale of tickets or accept consideration for the
sale of tickets unless the ticket seller meets one or more of
the following requirements:
a) The ticket seller has the ticket in his or her possession.
[Business & Professions Code Section 22502.1(a).]
b) The ticket seller has a written contract to obtain the
offered ticket, as specified. [Business & Professions Code
Section 22502.1(b).]
c) The ticket seller informs the purchaser that the seller
may not be able to supply the ticket at the contracted price
or range of prices, as specified. [Business & Professions
Code Section 22502.1(c).]
7)Allows acceptance of a deposit from a prospective purchaser as
part of an agreement that the ticket seller will make best
efforts to obtain a ticket at a specified price or price range
and within a specified time. (Business & Professions Code
Section 22502.1.)
8)Makes failure to deliver the tickets within a reasonable time or
by a contracted time, at or below the price stated or within the
range of prices stated, punishable as a misdemeanor. (Business
& Professions Code Section 22505.)
9)Provides that in addition to other remedies, a ticket seller who
fails to supply a ticket at or below a contracted price or
within a contracted price range shall be civilly liable to the
ticket purchaser for two times the contracted price of the
ticket, in addition to any sum expended by the purchaser in
nonrefundable expenses for attending or attempting to attend the
event in good faith reliance on seat or space availability, and
reasonable attorney's fees and court costs. (Business &
Professions Code Section 22502.3.)
10)Provides that ticket price of any event which is canceled,
postponed, or rescheduled shall be fully refunded to the
purchaser by the ticket seller upon request. (Business &
Professions Code Section 22507.)
11)Declares that any deposit on a future event for which tickets
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are not available shall be refundable. (Business & Professions
Code Section 22506.)
12)Allows any local jurisdiction to require a bond of not more
than fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) to provide for any
necessary refunds. (Business & Professions Code Section 22507.)
13)Requires that a ticket seller shall disclose any service
charges assessed, as provided. (Business & Professions Code
Section 22508.)
14)Requires that any ticket seller who includes tickets to an
event in conjunction with the sale of a tour or event package,
as defined, shall disclose in any advertisements or promotional
materials the price charged or allotted for the tickets.
(Business & Professions Code Section 22509.)
15)Allows local agencies to impose local fees or taxes. (Business
& Professions Code Section 22510.)
16)Exempts from its provisions the following persons:
a) Any primary contractor or seller of tickets for the
primary contractor, as specified (Business & Professions Code
Section 22503.5.);
b) Officially appointed agents of an air carrier, ocean
carrier or motor coach carrier who purchases or sells tickets
in conjunction with a tour package, as specified (Business &
Professions Code Section 22503.6.);
c) Persons who sell six tickets or less to any one single
event, provided the tickets are sold off the premises
(Business & Professions Code Section 22504.);
d) Any nonprofit charitable tax-exempt organization selling
tickets to an event sponsored by the organization. (Business
& Professions Code Section 22511.)
17)Provides that a violation of any of these provisions
constitutes a misdemeanor, and in addition authorizes a civil
penalty not to exceed two thousand five hundred dollars ($2,500)
for each violation, which may be assessed and recovered in a
civil action brought in the name of the people, as specified.
[Business & Professions Code Section 22500(c).]
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18)Provides that any person who, without the written permission of
the owner or operator of the property on which an entertainment
event is to be held or is being held, sells a ticket of
admission to the entertainment event, which was obtained for the
purpose of resale, at any price which is in excess of the price
that is printed or endorsed upon the ticket, while on the
grounds of or in the stadium, arena, theater, or other place
where an event for which admission tickets are sold is to be
held or is being held, is guilty of a misdemeanor. (Penal Code
Section 346.)
FISCAL EFFECT : Unknown
COMMENTS :
1)Stated Need for Legislation : According to the author, "There is
a growing trend among ticket sellers, to assert that
ticketholders should not have full possession of their tickets.
Instead, ticket sellers only sell restricted tickets that cannot
be sold or given away or can only be transferred, often for a
fee, through a website that the ticket seller controls to ensure
a monopoly on the tickets. As an example he points out that,
"Fans of the Los Angeles Angels now can only transfer their
tickets through such a website, and many consumer advocates,
such as Consumer Action, fear that the opportunity to charge for
these kinds of ticket transfers will drain the pockets of more
and more fans.
"To further burden fans, restricted tickets are tied to the
original purchaser's credit card and photo ID. If you give or
sell your tickets to a family member or friend or to a charity,
you will have to obtain their credit card number, or give yours
to them, to make the transfer. Some people generously donate
tickets for a particular game from their season tickets to help
local charities or volunteer organizations, and these burdens
are likely to inhibit these contributions.
"This bill also prohibits the use of robotic ticket-buying
software designed to bombard online box offices with thousands
of simultaneous purchase requests, thereby gobbling up the best
seats and preventing the average fan from obtaining ticket, and
recognizes that there is a secondary market for event tickets,
and provides regulation of that market, in order to further
protect consumers."
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2)Recent Amendments: Major Provisions :
Prior to hearing in the committee, this bill was substantially
amended. The original substantive version of the bill, dated
March 21, 2013, would have deleted the existing law for ticket
sellers contained in the Business and Professions Code in its
entirety, and replaced it with a new scheme of regulation. That
version drew many complaints, and according to the author did
not reflect the strong consumer protection measure he intended
this bill to represent.
Therefore, this bill was, again, substantially rewritten, to
become a modification of the existing law which is designed to
accomplish three major changes; to establish a new scheme of
regulation for event ticket resellers; to allow for
transferability of event tickets, and; to prohibit the use
robotic or automated systems to circumvent fair access of all to
purchase an event ticket upon its release to the public. The
April 18, 2013 version, which this analysis reflects, contains
these changes. The major provisions are as follows:
a) Definitions :
This bill would add a definition of "ticket reseller" where
one does not currently exist. It would also change the
definition of "ticket seller" to "ticket issuer" and
restructure the existing law to encompass the various
authorized sellers to be identified in one section, such as
tour operators and charities, which heretofore were defined
in separate sections of the Chapter. Please see above for
full detailed definition section.
b) Regulation of Event Ticket Resellers - Excludes Online
Marketplace Sites Such as Stubhub :
This bill provides that "online marketplace" means an Internet
Web site that provides a forum for the resale of event
tickets. "Online marketplace" does not include the Internet
Web site of a reseller or ticket issuer, unless that reseller
or ticket issuer provides a forum for the resale of event
tickets on its Internet Web site.
It should be noted that while "online marketplace" is
excluded from the provisions of this bill, existing laws
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against fraud and unfair business practices will still apply
to their activities. (See Civil Code Sections 1572-3; Penal
Code Section 532, et seq.; Business and Professions Code
Section 17200, et seq.)
c) New Regulation of Event Ticket Sellers: No Limitation on
Transferability or Price of Event Tickets Offered by
Resellers :
Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, this bill would
provide that ticket issuers would be subject to misdemeanor
penalties if they did any of the following:
i) Impose any terms or conditions on the event ticket
transferability or otherwise prohibit a person from
reselling the event ticket on an online marketplace not
owned or operated by the ticket issuer or its authorized
agent.
ii) Impose any terms or conditions restricting the
printing or forwarding of the event ticket, or impose any
other pickup or transfer restrictions, for the purpose or
with the foreseeable effect of, prohibiting the resale or
gratuitous transfer of an event ticket.
iii) Employ technological means for the purpose, or with
the foreseeable effect of, prohibiting or restricting the
resale of event tickets, including, but not limited to,
issuing event tickets in an electronic form that is not
readily transferrable to a subsequent purchaser or
conditioning entry into the venue on presentation of a
token, like the original purchaser's credit card or
state-issued identification card, that cannot be readily
transferred to a subsequent purchaser.
iv) Seek to limit or restrict the price, or to impose a
minimum or maximum price, at which an event ticket may be
resold.
d) No Use of Computerized Software Known as "Bots" to
Circumvent Equitable Ticket Buying :
This bill would declare that anyone who intentionally uses or
sells software to circumvent a security measure, an access
control system, or other control or measure on a ticket
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issuer's or ticket reseller's Internet Web site that is used
to ensure an equitable ticket buying process, is guilty of a
misdemeanor.
e) Allow Department of Consumer Affairs to Promulgate
Regulations :
The Department of Consumer Affairs may issue regulations to
implement the provisions of this chapter, including, but not
limited to, regulations that do both of the following:
i) Prescribe allowable methods for marking of public
sales tickets, including, but not limited to, the marking
of event tickets that are not tangible.
ii) Define categories of persons otherwise subject to this
chapter who are temporarily or indefinitely excluded from
the provisions of this chapter, or against whom the
Attorney General determines to forbear the enforcement of
this chapter in whole or in part, if the Attorney General
determines the activities of those persons have a
relatively insignificant impact on commerce in event
tickets.
3)Support :
a) Transferability and a Regulated Secondary Market for Event
Tickets :
eBay writes in support on behalf of Stubhub, "The growing
implementation of restrictive ticketing regimes for events is
threatening the rights of individual consumers across the
United States. Restricted paperless tickets are tied to the
original purchaser's credit card and photo ID and often
non-transferable or only transferable on the original
seller's preferred website. With passage of this bill,
California will preserve consumer and individual rights to
freely transfer concert and sporting event tickets by making
it unlawful for a ticket issuer to prohibit or restrict the
resale or offering for resale of an event ticket by a lawful
possessor of the ticket."
According to Fan Freedom, "This bill is necessary because
ticket sellers such as Ticketmaster, and the artists, sports
teams and venues they do business with, use restricted
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tickets to limit what fans can and cannot do with our
tickets. Restricted tickets are tied to the original
purchaser's credit card and photo ID and are often
non-transferable, or only transferable through an artist's,
team's, or venue's preferred resale website. If fans do not
have the choice of how a ticket is used, who uses it, how it
is transferred or at what price it can be resold, fans do not
really own those tickets.
"For example, the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim launched
their own resale site in partnership with Ticketmaster that
would implement minimum prices for resale tickets and
restrict season ticket holders from emailing tickets to any
other person until 48 hours before a game. A ticket holder
can also only transfer tickets to 10 games over the course of
the season. The terms and conditions also stipulate that
transfer of a ticket is prohibited without the consent of the
team unless fans use the Angels/Ticketmaster resale website."
Another line of support comes from non-profits and charities
which use tickets as prizes. Typical of this is the Bonnie
J. Addario Lung Cancer Foundation who wrote, "Fundraising is
always a challenge for nonprofits. Donations of sports,
theatre and concert tickets play a crucial role in nonprofit
groups' fundraising efforts. "Tickets make wonderful door
prizes, raffle prizes and silent auction items. For this
reason, it is critically important to nonprofits that event
tickets remain easily transferrable and that sharing, gifting
and reselling tickets remain easy for ticket owners and the
nonprofits they generously support. We have been fortunate
to receive generous ticket donations from many in the
entertainment industry, but it is critical that private
individuals continue to have the choice of how to use their
tickets, including using them as charitable donations.
Fundraising is always difficult, and restricted tickets add
extra hurdles on donors that we fear will have a chilling
effect on these critical donations."
Mr. Steve Barrilleaux states, "I own Safe Harbor Pension and
Wealth, a small investment firm located in Roseville. We
help people throughout the region with their financial and
retirement needs. For the last six years I have bought into
a Sacramento Kings season ticket package with five other
friends. However I am not the original signed purchaser of
the tickets package. My paid share of the ticket package is
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seven of the games and I use them to entertain clients and
prospect new business. This is a substantial investment in
my new business marketing, and an invaluable perk that I can
offer my clients. If a restrictive policy were put in place
that only the original purchaser can use our tickets it would
significantly impact my current client relations."
b) Line-Jumping Automated Ticket Systems Which Exclude
Consumers From Lower/Originally Priced Event Tickets :
The American Bus Association, National Tour Association and
the United Motor Coach Association write in strong support of
this provision, saying, "This bill cracks down on
unscrupulous online ticket sale 'line jumpers' and affirms
consumers' property rights by clarifying that event tickets
they purchase are their personal property. We do so on
behalf of our more than 3,000 motorcoach and tour packager
members nationwide, including more than 259 in California,
that rely on their ability to buy and sell event tickets to
create tour packages that generate millions of dollars each
year for California's economy."
Most opponents to this measure agree that this provision of
AB 329 is a good idea. Typical of this line of letters is
that from the San Francisco 49rs, who state, "Although we
oppose AB 329, we strongly agree that the use of BOTs and
other computer hacking programs should be illegal. ?"
4)Opposition :
a) Major League Baseball: No Need for Regulation Which Could
Stifle Evolving Consumer Friendly Ticketing Technology :
A group of Major League Baseball entities (MLB Entities)
state, "For more than a decade, the MLB Entities have
innovated in the secondary ticketing area, with millions of
tickets having been resold or transferred through supported
programs. In California, these efforts date back to 2000,
when the San Francisco Giants pioneered by launching an
authorized, consumer-friendly secondary ticket service from
its official website.
"In order to provide California fans with the best ticket
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services and conveniences possible, the MLB Entities invest
significantly in and support the advancement of electronic
ticket technologies in both the primary and secondary ticket
markets. For example, a Giants fan can purchase a game ticket
online, download it electronically to his or her smartphone
and present the ticket image, as shown on the smartphone
screen, for scanning and entry at AT&T Park. In addition,
fans can electronically transfer their tickets to other fans,
who would be assured by the teams' support of the process that
they are legitimate tickets. Despite the many advantages to
consumers and efficiencies these technologies provide venue
operators, these emerging technologies would be in this bill's
cross-hairs. The better course is to continue to let this
rapidly-changing area develop on its own, rather than be
disrupted through additional and unnecessary regulation.
b) Secondary Market for Event Tickets Could Harm Consumers :
The San Jose Sharks write to express their concerns based upon
reasoning shared with other opponents that, "A law banning
paperless and will-call ticketing would interfere with a
dynamic, competitive marketplace by directly benefiting
scalpers and secondary-market ticket brokers. This bill is
heavily supported by scalpers and secondary-market ticket
brokers because these methods serve to limit the damage they
cause to the ticket market. The secondary ticket resale
market is big business, and scalpers and ticket brokers make
up an increasingly large percent of all ticket resellers.
Scalpers and ticket brokers directly hurt the average
California consumer by employing schemes and tactics to buy
tickets en masse and resell them at prices well above face
value. Ultimately, the inflated market created by these
scalpers and secondary-market ticket brokers causes increased
ticket prices and ancillary costs that are ultimately passed
on to your constituents. The ticket methods this bill
proposes to ban serve to limit such costs, thus ensuring that
the average fan has access to reasonably priced tickets to the
Venues and Events in which California state and local
governments have a significant investment".
According to Shorenstein Hays Nederlander Theatres, LLC, who
operate several theaters in San Francisco and do their own
event ticketing, "This bill would negatively affect California
consumers by banning proven ticketing methods that protect
fans. These methods, while used primarily in cases of
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high-demand events, can ensure a purchased ticket cannot be
resold above the face value set by the artist, team, promoter,
who want to protect fans from an out-of-control resale market.
ID-check at will call and paperless ticketing are options
selected by the above stakeholders. In fact, paperless
ticketing accounts for less than 0.01% of all ticket sales.
These methods benefit your constituents with reasonably-priced
tickets, and ensure that they pay only the price set by the
artist, team, venue, and promoter - as opposed to the higher
prices set by ticket scalpers, who artificially inflate prices
by causing shortages in the market. A law banning paperless
and will-call ticketing would not only interfere with a robust
and dynamic competitive marketplace, but would put scalpers
ahead of your constituents."
c) AB 329 Could Result in Indirect Harm to Local Economies :
The City of Thousand Oaks is typical of opponents who wrote
the committee to share their concern that the bill indirectly
hurts the economy and fans/patrons. "The sports and
entertainment industry are responsible for retaining current
jobs and promoting new ones. Many ancillary and local
businesses (hotels, restaurants, parking lots, food vendors,
union workers, etc.) are positively impacted when a tour
comes through a city. Event presenters and artists are less
likely to want to host an event in California is new State
regulations such as this bill creates an unfair advantage to
scalpers creating a disadvantage to their fans."
5)Committee Comment: Small venues are excluded from consumer
protections under AB 329 :
This bill would limit its provisions to venues which accommodate
more than 1,000 people. Current law has no such limitation on
the consumer protections afforded to purchasers of event
tickets. This limitation upon the size of venues covered by
this bill creates a two-tiered system of regulation, whereby
small venues and their clientele would be left unprotected
against unscrupulous ticketing practices.
Given the popularity of "club" events and the limited nature of
available tickets for small venue shows, one could foresee the
tickets for all events, but especially major acts in small
venues, being a source of potential mischief. If this bill
should be approved by the committee and move forward, the author
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may consider amending the limitation upon venues covered by its
consumer protection provisions out of the bill.
6)Prior Related Legislation :
a) AB 2612 (Plescia), of the 2007-08 Legislative Session,
introduced as a spot bill to amend the ticket seller's
provisions of the B&P Code. AB 2612 was held in the Assembly
Rules Committee without referral.
b) SB 1022 (Campbell), of the 2005-06 Legislative Session,
would have included Licensed Ticket Sellers, and other
businesses, eligible to organize as Limited Liability
Corporations (LLC). SB 1022 was returned to the Secretary of
the Senate by the Senate Judiciary Committee without a
hearing pursuant to Joint Rule 56.
c) SB 1602 (Battin) of the 2005-06 Legislative Session, would
have expanded the definition of scalping under the Penal
Code, to extend the prohibition against selling event tickets
purchased for resale above market value on the event
premises, to any purchase of tickets for resale in an amount
over the limitation on maximum number of tickets allowed by
the original ticket seller and for any amount of profit. The
bill also would have criminalized the use of automated
computer purchases of event tickets in order to accomplish
the purchase above the seller's limit, by defining the
practice as "criminal interference" with the seller's Web
site. SB 1602 was held on Senate third reading at the request
of the author.
REGISTERED SUPPORT / OPPOSITION :
Support
ALS Association, Greater Sacramento Chapter
American Bus Association
Bonnie J. Addario Lung Cancer Foundation
California Consumer Affairs Association
California Senior Advocates League
Consumer Action
Consumer Federation of America
Consumer Federation of California
Fan Freedom
National Consumers League
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National Tour Association
Safe Harbor Pension and Wealth
Stubhub
TechAmerica
TechNet
United Motor Coach Association
Five private citizens
Opposition
Broadway Across America
Broadway Sacramento
City of Thousand Oaks
Fans First Coalition
Feld Entertainment
Feld Motor Sports
HP Pavilion at San Jose
International Association of Venue Managers
JAM Productions
Live Nation Entertainment
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Los Angeles Dodgers
Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey
San Francisco 49ers
San Jose Arena Management
San Jose Sharks
Shorenstein Hays-Nederlander Theatres
The Broadway League
University of Southern California
One private citizen
Analysis Prepared by : Dana Mitchell / A.,E.,S.,T. & I.M. /
(916) 319-3450