BILL ANALYSIS                                                                                                                                                                                                    Ó






                             SENATE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE
                             Senator Noreen Evans, Chair
                              2013-2014 Regular Session


          AB 729 (Hernández)
          As Amended June 10, 2013
          Hearing Date: July 2, 2013
          Fiscal: No
          Urgency: No
          TMW


                                        SUBJECT
                                           
               Evidentiary Privileges:  Union Agent-Represented Worker  
                                      Privilege

                                      DESCRIPTION  

          This bill would establish an evidentiary privilege from  
          disclosure for communications between a union agent and a  
          represented employee or represented former employee.  That  
          privilege could be used to refuse to disclose, in any court or  
          to any administrative board or agency, or in any arbitration or  
          other proceeding, any confidential communication between the  
          employee or former employee and the union agent made while the  
          union agent was acting in his or her representative capacity.  

          This bill would provide that there is no privilege if disclosure  
          is necessary to prevent a criminal act reasonably believed is  
          likely to result in the death of, or substantial bodily harm to,  
          an individual or if the communication was made to help a person  
          commit a crime or fraud.  This bill would additionally provide  
          that the union agent-represented worker privilege could be  
          waived in accordance with existing law.  

                                      BACKGROUND  

          An evidentiary privilege permits an otherwise competent witness  
          to refuse to testify and/or prevent another from testifying.   
          Privileges are policy exclusions, unrelated to the reliability  
          of the information involved, which are granted because it is  
          considered more important to keep that information confidential  
          than it is to require disclosure of all the information relevant  
          to the issues in a pending proceeding.  For example, to protect  
                                                                (more)



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 2 of ?



          the lawyer-client relationship, it is necessary to prevent  
          disclosure of confidential communications made in the course of  
          that relationship.  (Comments to Evid. Code Sec. 910.)  Whereas  
          privileges of a witness under the Federal Rules of Evidence are  
          governed by the principles of common law as interpreted by  
          United States district courts in light of "reason and  
          experience," the only privileges that are recognized in  
          California are those statutory privileges expressly codified in  
          the Evidence Code.  (See Fed. Rules of Evid., Rule 501; Evid.  
          Code Sec. 911.)  
          To date, California has codified several evidentiary privileges,  
          recognizing the need to protect the confidentiality of certain  
          communications.  Among those are the: lawyer-client privilege,  
          spousal privilege, confidential marital communications  
          privilege, physician-patient privilege, psychotherapist-patient  
          privilege, clergyman-penitent privilege, sexual assault  
          counselor-victim privilege, domestic violence counselor-victim  
          privilege, and human trafficking caseworker-victim privilege.   
          Yet other statutory privileges protect official information  
          acquired in confidence by a public employee and the identity of  
          informants, protect persons from having to reveal their votes in  
          public elections, and protect against disclosure of trade  
          secrets.  (Evid. Code Sec. 930 et seq.)  


          This bill seeks to create an evidentiary privilege for union  
          agent-represented worker communications.  Case law has held that  
          no such privilege exists.  In American Airlines, Inc. v.  
          Superior Court (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 881, the court held that  
          California law does not expressly provide for any such  
          privilege; rather, the creation of evidentiary privileges is a  
          legislative responsibility.  (Id. at p. 890.)  This bill would  
          follow a recent court case, Peterson v. State (2012) 280 P.3d  
          559, 565, decided by the Supreme Court of Alaska, which extended  
          by implication the union agent-represented worker evidentiary  
          privilege from the Alaska Public Employment Relations Act.

                                CHANGES TO EXISTING LAW
           
          1.  Existing law  governs the admissibility of evidence in court  
            proceedings and generally provides a privilege to refuse to  
            testify or otherwise disclose confidential communications made  
            in the course of certain relationships, including the  
            following:
                 attorney-client (Evid. Code Sec. 954); 
                 spouses (Evid. Code Sec. 980);
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 3 of ?



                 physician-patient (Evid. Code Sec. 994);
                 psychotherapist-patient (Evid. Code Sec. 1014);
                 clergy-penitent (Evid. Code Sec. 1033, 1034);
                 sexual assault counselor-victim (Evid. Code Sec.  
               1035.8); and
                 domestic violence counselor-victim  (Evid. Code Sec.  
               1037.5).

             This bill  would establish the union agent-represented worker  
            privilege and provide that a union agent and a represented  
            employee or represented former employee have a privilege to  
            refuse to disclose, in any court or to any administrative  
            board or agency, or in any arbitration or other proceeding,  
            any confidential communication between the employee or former  
            employee and the union agent made while the union agent was  
            acting in his or her representative capacity. 

             This bill  would specify that a represented employee or  
            represented former employee also has a privilege to prevent  
            another from disclosing a confidential communication between  
            the employee and a union agent that is privileged.

             This bill  would authorize a union agent to use or reveal a  
            confidential communication made to the union agent while the  
            union agent was acting in his or her representative capacity  
            in either of the following circumstances:
                 in actions against the union agent in his or her  
               personal or official representative capacity, or against  
               the local union or subordinate body thereof or  
               international union of affiliated or subordinate body  
               thereof or any agent thereof in their personal or official  
               representative capacities; or
                 when, after full disclosure has been provided, the  
               written or oral consent of the bargaining unit member has  
               been obtained or, if the bargaining unit member is deceased  
               or has been adjudged incompetent by a court of competent  
               jurisdiction, the written or oral consent of the bargaining  
               unit member's estate or guardian or conservator.

             This bill  would require a union agent to use or reveal a  
            confidential communication made to the union agent while the  
            union agent was acting in his or her representative capacity  
            if required to do so by a court order.

             This bill  would define "confidential communication" to mean  
            information transmitted, by oral or written communication,  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 4 of ?



            between a represented employee or represented former employee  
            and a union agent and in confidence by a means which, so far  
            as the employee, former employee, or union agent is aware,  
            discloses the information to no third persons other than those  
            who are present to further the interest of the employee,  
            former employee, or union agent or those to whom disclosure is  
            reasonably necessary for the transmission of the information  
            or the accomplishment of the purpose for which the  
            communication was made, and includes advice given by a union  
            agency in the course of a representational relationship.

             This bill  would define "union agent" to mean a person  
            employed, elected, or appointed by a labor organization and  
            whose duties include the representation of employees in a  
            bargaining unit in a grievance procedure or in negotiations  
            for a labor agreement and the labor organization. An appointed  
            employee steward is not a union agent except to the extent a  
            represented employee or represented former employee  
            communicates in confidence to the steward regarding a  
            grievance or potential grievance.

             This bill  would provide that there is no privilege if the  
            union agent reasonably believes that disclosure of any  
            confidential communication is necessary to prevent a criminal  
            act that the union agent reasonably believes is likely to  
            result in the death of, or substantial bodily harm to, an  
            individual.

             This bill  would provide that there is no privilege with  
            respect to a confidential communication made to enable or aid  
            a person in committing, or planning to commit, a crime or  
            fraud.

             This bill  would provide that the union agent-represented  
            worker privilege would not apply in criminal proceedings.
          
          2.  Existing law  provides that no person has a privilege to  
            refuse to be a witness; to refuse to disclose any matter or to  
            refuse to produce any writing, object, or thing, or prevent  
            another person from the same unless otherwise provided by  
            statute.  (Evid. Code Sec. 911.) 

             Existing law  provides that the right of a person to claim  
            specified privileges is waived with respect to a protected  
            communication if the holder of the privilege has disclosed a  
            significant part of that communication or consented to  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 5 of ?



            disclosure, without coercion.  Existing law provides that a  
            disclosure does not constitute a waiver where it was  
            reasonably necessary to accomplish the purposes for which the  
            services of a lawyer, physician, psychotherapist, sexual  
            assault counselor, or domestic violence counselor was  
            consulted.  (Evid. Code Sec. 912(a), (d).)  

             Existing law  provides that if two or more persons are joint  
            holders of a privilege, a waiver of a right of a particular  
            joint holder of the privilege to claim the privilege does not  
            affect the right of another joint holder to claim the  
            privilege.  In the case of the spousal privilege, the right of  
            one spouse to claim the privilege does not affect the right of  
            the other spouse to claim the privilege.  (Evid. Code Sec. 912  
            (b).)

             Existing law  provides that if a privilege is claimed on the  
            ground that the matter sought to be disclosed is a  
            communication made in confidence in the course of a recognized  
            privileged relation, the communication is presumed to have  
            been made in confidence, and the opponent of the claim of  
            privilege has the burden of proof to establish that the  
            communication was not confidential.  A communication does not  
            lose its privileged character for the sole reason that it was  
            communicated by electronic means or because persons involved  
            in the delivery, facilitation, or storage of electronic  
            communication may have access to the content of the  
            communication.  (Evid. Code Sec. 917.) 

             This bill  would apply these and other related provisions to  
            the union agent-represented worker privilege.  

                                        COMMENT
           
          1.  Stated need for the bill  
          
          The author writes:
            
            Most employees, when they discuss issues affecting their  
            employment with their official union representative (such as  
            involving workplace discipline or other grievance-related  
            issues)[,] assume that such communications are confidential  
            and that information may not be disclosed to the employer or  
            other third parties.
            However, no California statute provides such communications  
            with an evidentiary privilege - nor does case law recognize  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 6 of ?



            such a privilege.  In 2003, the California Court of Appeal  
            declined to recognize such a privilege.  American Airlines,  
            Inc. v. Superior Court (DiMarco) (2003) Case No. B162513.

            At least two other states have enacted legislation  
            establishing a statutory privilege for communications between  
            an employee and their union representative - Illinois (735  
            ILCS 735 [Sec.] 5/8-803.5) and Maryland (MD Code, Courts and  
            Judicial Proceedings [Sec.] 9-124).

            In addition, the State of Alaska has established such a  
            privilege for public employees via a recent decision of the  
            Alaska Supreme Court.  Petersen v. State of Alaska, 280 P.3d  
            559 (Sup. Ct. Alaska, 2012).

            The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has held that an  
            employer's demand to discover grievance-related confidential  
            communications between an employee and his union  
            representative interfered with the employee's right to union  
            representation.  Cook Paint & Varnish Co., 246 NLRB 646  
            (1979).  However, the NLRB limited this ruling to situations  
            falling under the National Labor Relations Act.

            In 2011, a United States District Court in Illinois held that  
            a full employee-union representative privilege existed in  
            common law, and was not limited to the public sector.  Bell v.  
            Village of Steamwood, 806 F.Supp.2d 1052 (2011).  Thus, for  
            the first time, a federal court recognized that an  
            employee-union representative evidentiary privilege existed  
            outside of a labor context and not attached to a specific  
            statute.

          The California Labor Federation (CLF), AFL-CIO, sponsor, writes:  

          
            Under existing law, confidences shared with a lawyer, a  
            psychiatrist, or a domestic violence counselor are protected,  
            but those shared with a union representative are not.  That  
            just does not reflect the realities of labor relations or  
            promote early settlement of labor disputes.  Instead, it  
            creates the potential for a company to subpoena a union  
            representative and demand access to confidential  
            communications that the union representative had with his or  
            her members.

            There are many important reasons to extend this privilege.  An  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 7 of ?



            employee may confide to a union representative information  
            that is sensitive, explaining that they were late due to a  
            medical condition or missed work to obtain a domestic violence  
            restraining order.  They may want to report employer  
            harassment without fearing retaliation if they came forward  
            publically.  AB 729 simply extends a privilege to confidential  
            communications shared with a union representative.  

          2.  Communications between a union agent and a represented  
             employee

           This bill would establish an evidentiary privilege from  
          disclosure for communications between a union agent and a  
          represented employee or represented former employee.  That  
          privilege could be used to refuse to disclose, in any court or  
          to any administrative board or agency, or in any arbitration or  
          other proceeding, any confidential communication between the  
          employee or former employee and the union agent made while the  
          union agent was acting in his or her representative capacity.  

          The author argues that most employees, when discussing issues  
          affecting their employment with their union representative,  
          assume that such communications are confidential and that the  
          information may not be disclosed to the employer or other third  
          parties.  The author notes that these communications are similar  
          to those between an attorney and client and should be afforded  
          the same protection from disclosure as with the attorney-client  
          privilege.   Further, Illinois and Maryland have a union  
          agent-representative worker privilege, but California courts do  
          not recognize any such privilege.

          The California Teachers Association, in support, argues that  
          "[t]he role of a union representative is to represent members  
          and they should not be hindered in that role.  This proposal  
          represents an improvement to collective bargaining law in  
          California, and supports settling disputes more efficiently.   
          There are times when our staff and elected leaders might be the  
          preferred individual to resolve a dispute, but they make  
          referrals to an attorney simply to establish attorney-client  
          privilege.  Members should feel comfortable and confident with  
          their union representative and being able to confide all  
          elements of their situation with the union representative is  
          essential."

          Various cases involving union agent-represented employee  
          communications demonstrate the conflict between providing an  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 8 of ?



          employee with appropriate safety in communications with the  
          union representative and the employer's right to information  
          regarding employment disputes.  In Cook Paint & Varnish Co.  
          (1979) 246 NLRB 646, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)  
          recognized the need for a represented employee's communications  
          with the union agent to be confidential.  The NLRB analyzed the  
          balance necessary between the employer's right to investigate  
          employment-related allegations and the employee's right to  
          confidentiality in union communications.  The NLRB reiterated  
          that during the employer's investigation of misconduct by an  
          employee, the employer is entitled to disclosure.  However, the  
          NLRB held that after disciplinary proceedings have been  
          finalized but the employer's decision has been submitted to  
          arbitration, an employee has a privilege against disclosing  
          union-related communications because the employer is seeking to  
          validate its disciplinary decision and obtain the union's  
          arbitration position.  (Ibid.) Notably, this decision was  
          limited to cases involving the National Labor Relations Act.


          However, for California labor disputes, American Airlines, Inc.  
          v. Superior Court (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 881 is controlling.  In  
          that case, the court analyzed the balance between the employer's  
          right to information and the union representative's privilege  
          for non-disclosure of communications with employees:



            Indeed, creating the type of evidentiary privilege proposed by  
            DiMarco could severely compromise the ability of employers to  
            conduct investigations pertaining to claims of harassment,  
            discrimination, unlawful conduct, or other employer rules  
            violations, all to the detriment of union members.  For  
            example, the [Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA)]  
            enunciates this state's public policy to eliminate  
            discrimination in the workplace.  (See Gov. Code [Secs.] 12920  
            [and] 12920.5; Soldinger v. Northwest Airlines, Inc. (1996) 51  
            Cal.App.4th 345, 366-367 [ ].) Under FEHA, an employer, as  
            well as a labor union, has an obligation to "take all  
            reasonable steps necessary to prevent discrimination and  
            harassment from occurring" in the workplace.  (Gov. Code  
            [Sec.] 12940, subd. (k).)  The affirmative and mandatory duty  
            to ensure a discrimination-free work environment requires the  
            employer to conduct a prompt investigation of a discrimination  
            claim.  (See Northrop Grumman Corp. v. Workers' Comp. Appeals  
            Bd. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 1021, 1035-1036 [ ].)  To carry out  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 9 of ?



            its obligation to prevent discrimination by investigating  
            claims, an employer likely will need to obtain information  
            from a wrongdoer's co-workers who were in a position to  
            witness the misconduct and identify the wrongdoer.  In a  
            unionized workplace, an employer's investigation could be  
            hampered by a union representative-union member privilege,  
            thus conceivably undermining an employer and a labor union's  
            statutory obligation to ensure a discrimination-free work  
            environment. 

            Although there may be various countervailing policy reasons  
            why a union representative should not be compelled during  
            civil litigation to disclose factual information obtained from  
            other union members he or she represents, that policy  
            determination (and the parameters of any concomitant  
            evidentiary privilege) is the province of the Legislature, not  
            this court. [Citations omitted.]  This is especially true in  
            an area where the Legislature has declared the state's public  
            policy in such detail.  (See Rojo v. Kliger (1990) 52 Cal.3d  
            65, 80 [ ] [describing FEHA as "comprehensive scheme" for  
            combating employment discrimination].)  (Id. at pp. 890-891;  
            emphasis in original.)

          The court further held that California law does not expressly  
          provide for any such privilege; rather, the creation of  
          evidentiary privileges is a legislative responsibility.  (Id. at  
          p. 890.)  This bill seeks to provide such a privilege.

          By following a recent court case, Peterson v. State (2012) 280  
          P.3d 559, 565, decided by the Supreme Court of Alaska, which  
          extended by implication the union agent-represented worker  
          evidentiary privilege from the Alaska Public Employment  
          Relations Act (PERA).  In Peterson, the court held that:


            We emphasize that the expectation of confidentiality is  
            critical to the privilege because without it "union members  
            would be hesitant to be fully forthcoming with their  
            representatives, detrimentally impacting a union  
            representative's ability to advise and represent union members  
            with questions or problems."  Thus, "[a]bsent an expectation  
            of confidentiality, there is little need to protect the  
            communications."  We also emphasize that the privilege is only  
            applicable when the union representative is acting in an  
            official union role because "[p]rotecting informal  
            conversations would extend the privilege too far,  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 10 of ?



            unnecessarily burdening the search for truth."  (Id. at p.  
            567.)

          The Peterson court clarified that the union agent-represented  
          worker privilege "extends to communications made:  (1) in  
          confidence; (2) in connection with representative services  
          relating to anticipated or ongoing disciplinary or grievance  
          proceedings; (3) between an employee (or the employee's  
          attorney) and union representatives; and (4) by union  
          representatives acting in official representative capacity.  The  
          privilege may be asserted by the employee or by the union on  
          behalf of the employee.  Like the attorney-client privilege, the  
          union-relations privilege extends only to communications, not to  
          underlying facts."  (Id.)

          Similarly, this bill would provide the evidentiary privilege for  
          certain communications between the union agent and represented  
                                                    worker.  This bill would apply the privilege to confidential  
          communications between the employee and union representative  
          that are made while the union representative is acting in his or  
          her representative capacity.  The privilege could be asserted by  
          either the employee or the union representative, and the  
          employee could prevent another from disclosing the confidential  
          information between the employee and union representative.  

          3.  The policy goals of a privilege must be sufficiently important  
            to outweigh the public's right to evidence  

          As a general matter, privileges function to exclude evidence, no  
          matter how relevant or reliable that evidence might be, in order  
          to promote some other extrinsic policy.  Because they tend to  
          suppress otherwise relevant evidence, statutory privileges are  
          strictly construed and in California, unlike under federal law,  
          the courts are not free to create new privileges as a matter of  
          judicial policy; they may only apply those privileges created by  
          statute or those that arise out of state or federal  
          constitutional law.  (Evid. Code Sec. 911; Sullivan v. Superior  
          Court (Spingola) 29 Cal.App.3rd 64 (1972).)  

          As noted in the Background, privileges are policy-based  
          exclusions that are granted because it is considered more  
          important to keep that information confidential than it is to  
          require disclosure of all the information relevant to the issues  
          in a pending proceeding.  Thus, the central policy consideration  
          raised by this bill is whether or not the policy promoted by the  
          proposed union agent-represented worker privilege outweighs the  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 11 of ?



          public's right to truth in evidence.  

              a.   Ensuring confidentiality of information shared with a  
               union agent
           
            While the public does have a right to all evidence, in  
            codifying other evidentiary privileges, such as the  
            attorney-client privilege, the Legislature has previously  
            judged that the importance of ensuring that people obtain  
            effective counsel to protect their legal rights may outweigh  
            that interest.  (See Comment 2.)  

            Proponents assert that the lack of evidentiary privilege for  
            union agent-represented worker communications has a chilling  
            effect on these communications.   The California Professional  
            Firefighters explain that "[w]hen a union member confides in a  
            union representative, he or she has every expectation that the  
            conversation will remain private.  A union member who is  
            unfairly fired or disciplined could be in danger of losing his  
            or her right to due process, absent the protection to speak  
            confidentially to his or her representative.  The ability to  
            speak confidentially is essential to a union representative's  
            ability to provide effective representation.  It is also  
            important to resolving workplace conflicts expeditiously,  
            fairly and without litigation.  If unions are to function free  
            from harassment and undue influence from employers, leaders  
            must be free to communicate with their members about the  
            problems and complaints of union members."

            Because a workers union is authorized under California law to  
            represent the concerns and needs of employees, and free  
            communication between the union agents and members is  
            essential to providing adequate representation in employment  
            contracts and labor concerns, a limited privilege is arguably  
            appropriate to assure the union members and agents of the  
            confidentiality of these communications.  Pursuant to this  
            bill, the employee, as the holder of the privilege, could  
            claim the privilege to refuse disclosure or prevent any other  
            person from disclosing those confidential communications.  The  
            union representative would also be authorized to claim the  
            privilege and would be required to do unless otherwise  
            permitted by the employee. 

              b.   This bill largely models the existing lawyer-client  
               privilege and its limits  

                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 12 of ?



            It should be noted that evidentiary privileges have been  
            carefully limited to balance the need for confidentiality with  
            the fundamental right of the public to evidence.  To this end,  
            existing law outlines both situations in which no privilege  
            applies at all, and circumstances in which an otherwise valid  
            claim of privilege will be deemed waived.  Additionally,  
            certain other elements, such as the definitions provided for  
            "the holder of the privilege" and for "confidential  
            communication," serve as inherent limits on a privilege as  
            well.  As a result, not just anyone is authorized to claim or  
            waive the privilege, and not all communications are considered  
            confidential.  In establishing a union agent-represented  
            worker privilege, this bill largely models the lawyer client  
            privilege, including limits to that privilege.  

            For example, under existing law, there is no lawyer-client  
            privilege where either the services of the lawyer were sought  
            or obtained to enable or aid anyone to commit or plan to  
            commit a crime or a fraud, or the lawyer reasonably believes  
            that disclosure of any confidential communication relating to  
            representation of a client is necessary to prevent a criminal  
            act that the lawyer reasonably believes is likely to result in  
            the death of, or substantial bodily harm to, an individual.    
            This bill would apply those same exceptions to the proposed  
            union agent-represented worker privilege.  

            Similarly, the term "confidential communication between client  
            and lawyer" is defined under existing law as the information  
            transmitted between a client and his or her lawyer in the  
            course of that relationship and in confidence by a means that,  
            so far as the client is aware, does not disclose the  
            information to third persons other than those who are present  
            to further the interest of the client in the consultation or  
            those to whom disclosure is reasonably necessary for the  
            transmission of the information or the accomplishment of the  
            purpose for which the lawyer is consulted.  In other words,  
            communications made in an open elevator full of third parties  
            would not be privileged, nor would communications that are  
            irrelevant to the purpose for which the lawyer is consulted.   
            This bill would similarly track that definition, among others,  
            thereby ensuring that the proposed privilege would also  
            operate in a limited fashion. 

            Furthermore, this bill would authorize a union agent to use or  
            reveal a confidential communication made to the union agent  
            while the union agent was acting in his or her representative  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 13 of ?



            capacity in either of the following circumstances:
                 in actions against the union agent in his or her  
               personal or official representative capacity, or against  
               the local union or subordinate body thereof or  
               international union of affiliated or subordinate body  
               thereof or any agent thereof in their personal or official  
               representative capacities; or
                 when, after full disclosure has been provided, the  
               written or oral consent of the bargaining unit member has  
               been obtained or, if the bargaining unit member is deceased  
               or has been adjudged incompetent by a court of competent  
               jurisdiction, the written or oral consent of the bargaining  
               unit member's estate or guardian or conservator.

            Arguably, these limitations on the evidentiary privilege  
            provide an appropriate balance of the need for confidentiality  
            with the fundamental right of the public to evidence.  To this  
            end, existing law outlines both situations in which no  
            privilege applies at all, and circumstances in which an  
            otherwise valid claim of privilege will be deemed waived.  

          4.  Opposition concerns
           
          The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, in opposition,  
          asserts that this bill "creates a new privilege and that is more  
          expansive than other existing authority.  Under this bill, union  
          representatives could misuse this privilege by precluding  
          employees who wish to voluntarily report or testify.  This would  
          make it more difficult to perform investigations of wrongdoing.   
          As a result, local agencies would need to increase the resources  
          spent on crucial investigations."

          The California State Association of Counties, also in  
          opposition, argues that "[c]ounties do not object to an earlier  
          version of AB 729 which only provided the privilege to employees  
          of a union and a county employee.  We do not think it is  
          appropriate to allow two county employees to communicate  
          regarding a workplace incident or other investigation where one  
          employee can claim privilege and not fully and truthfully report  
          to the county about an issue for which the county could have  
          liability."

          Rural County Representatives of California (RCRC), in  
          opposition, asserts that "RCRC recognizes there should be a  
          public policy conversation about extending [the] client  
          communication privilege to an agent of the union and represented  
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 14 of ?



          employees.  If such a privilege is granted, we would strongly  
          encourage the Legislature to require minimum qualifications  
          based on education levels and licensure just as California law  
          provides for members of the State Bar, physicians and other  
          health professionals, and licensed counselors.  Furthermore, we  
          would insist that such privilege only be extended to employees  
          of the union and the represented employees.  Unfortunately, as  
          currently constructed, AB 729 would allow county employees who  
          are  not  a direct employee of the union (i.e. a shop steward) to  
          enjoy the privilege when engaged with another county employee  
          who is represented by a union.  Unless these two aspects of AB  
          729 are addressed, we must respectfully oppose AB 729."   
          (Emphasis in original.)

          Further, the California Chamber of Commerce and other business  
          groups, in opposition, argue:

            Evidentiary privileges are limited and narrowly tailored in  
            recognition of the fact that such privileges suppress relevant  
            facts that may lead to an unjust decision.  See Tanzola v.  
            DeRita, 45 Cal.2d [1] (1955); American Airlines v. Superior  
            Court, 114 Cal.App.4th 881 (2003).  Despite this general  
            public policy of access to the truth during a proceeding in  
            order to evaluate a dispute upon all relevant information, AB  
            729 seeks to preclude disclosure of any "confidential  
            communication" between an employee and union agent that was  
            made while the agent was acting in his/her representative  
            capacity.

            Notably, this privilege is only one-sided.  Unlike other  
            privileges that apply to both sides of the  
            litigation/proceedings such as the attorney-client privilege,  
            AB 729 only protects the union agent and employee  
            communication.  It does not equally protect the  
            management-employee communication, or communications between  
            members of management regarding labor union disputes or  
            grievance issues.  Accordingly, in labor related proceedings,  
            an employer would be forced to disclose all related  
            communications, while the union agent or employee could pick  
            and choose which communications they wanted to disclose.  Such  
            a lopsided proposal will result in the miscarriage of justice.  
             Finally, to the extent AB 729 interferes with the disclosure  
            requirements of the National Labor Relations Act with regard  
            to collective bargaining, it would be preempted by federal  
            law.

                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 15 of ?



          5.  Chaptering-out issues 
           
          Staff notes that AB 267 (Chau), relating to evidentiary  
          privileges, would amend a section amended by this bill and  
          language must be added to the bill before it leaves the Senate  
          to avoid any chaptering-out of this bill's provisions.


           Support  :  American Federation of State, County and Municipal  
          Employees, AFL-CIO; Association for Los Angeles Deputy Sheriffs;  
          California Association of Psychiatric Technicians; California  
          Conference Board of the Amalgamated Transit Union; California  
          Conference of Machinists; California Correctional Peace Officers  
          Association; California Correctional Supervisors Organization;  
          California Professional Firefighters; California School  
          Employees Association; California Statewide Law Enforcement  
          Association; California Teachers Association; California  
          Teamsters Public Affairs Council; Engineers and Scientists of  
          California; Glendale City Employees Association; International  
          Longshore & Warehouse Union; Los Angeles Police Protective  
          League; Los Angeles Probation Officers Union, AFSCME, Local 685;  
          Orange County Employees Association; Organization of SMUD  
          Employees; Professional & Technical Engineers, Local 21;  
          Riverside Sheriffs' Association; San Bernardino Public Employees  
          Association; San Luis Obispo County Employees Association; Santa  
          Rosa City Employees Association; State Coalition of Probation  
          Organizations; UC Student Workers' Union, UAW Local 2865; UNITE  
          HERE!; United Food and Commercial Workers Union, Western States  
          Council; Utility Workers Union of America, Local 132
           
          Opposition  :  Air Conditioning Trade Association; ALPHA Fund;  
          Associated Builders and Contractors of California; Association  
          of California Health Districts; California Association of Joint  
          Powers Authorities; California Chamber of Commerce; California  
          Grocers Association; California Manufacturers and Technology  
          Association; California Special Districts Association;  
          California State Association of Counties; Civil Justice  
          Association of California; Los Angeles County Board of  
          Supervisors; National Federation of Independent Business;  
          Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association of California;  
          Rural County Representatives of California; School Employers  
          Association of California; Schools Excess Liability Fund;  
          Western Electrical Contractors Association; Western Growers  
          Association

                                        HISTORY
                                                                      



          AB 729 (Hernández)
          Page 16 of ?



           
           Source  :  California Labor Federation, AFL-CIO

           Related Pending Legislation  :  AB 267 (Chau) would establish an  
          evidentiary privilege from disclosure for communications between  
          a person who consults a lawyer referral service.  AB 267 passed  
          out of this Committee on a vote of 6-0 and is currently on the  
          Senate Floor.

           Prior Legislation  :  SB 1473 (Soto, 2004) would have established  
          an evidentiary privilege with respect to communications made in  
          the course of an employee assistance professional-client  
          relationship.  SB 1473 was held in this Committee.   

           Prior Vote  :

          Assembly Floor (Ayes 48, Noes 27)
          Assembly Committee on Judiciary (Ayes 7, Noes 3)

                                   **************