BILL ANALYSIS Ó
SB 52
Page 1
Date of Hearing: June 24, 2014
ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS AND REDISTRICTING
Paul Fong, Chair
SB 52 (Leno and Hill) - As Amended: June 18, 2014
SENATE VOTE : 28-11
SUBJECT : Political Reform Act of 1974: campaign disclosures.
SUMMARY : Changes the content and format of disclosure
statements required on advertisements supporting or opposing
ballot measures. Specifically, this bill :
1)Repeals existing requirements governing disclaimers and
disclosure statements that must appear on campaign
advertisements relating to ballot measures, including all of
the following:
a) A requirement that an advertisement for or against a
ballot measure include a disclosure statement identifying
the two highest cumulative contributors of $50,000 or more
to the committee funding the advertisement;
b) A requirement that a committee that supports or opposes
one or more ballot measures must name and identify itself
using a name or phrase that clearly identifies the economic
or other special interest of its major donors of $50,000 or
more in any reference to the committee required by law;
and,
c) A requirement that an advertisement supporting or
opposing a ballot measure that is paid for by an
independent expenditure (IE) must include a disclosure
statement identifying the name of the committee making the
expenditure and the names of the persons from whom the
committee making the IE received its two highest cumulative
contributions of $50,000 or more during the 12-month period
prior to the expenditure.
2)Requires an advertisement regarding a ballot measure that is
disseminated by a political party or candidate-controlled
committee to include a disclosure statement that reads as
follows:
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"Paid for by [name of the committee that paid for the
advertisement]."
3)Requires an advertisement regarding a ballot measure that is
disseminated by a committee other than a political party or
candidate controlled committee to include a disclosure
statement in accordance with the following:
a) In the case of a radio advertisement or a prerecorded
telephonic message, the disclosure statement shall read as
follows:
"This ad has major funding from [state names in descending
order of identifiable contributors who have made the two
largest cumulative contributions to the committee that paid
for the advertisement]. Paid for by [name of the committee
that paid for the advertisement]."
i) Provides that only one identifiable contributor is
required to be included in a disclosure statement if
there is only one identifiable contributor to the
committee that paid for the ad or if the ad lasts 15
seconds or less.
ii) Provides that if there are no identifiable
contributors to the committee that paid for the ad, or if
the content of the ad names each of the identifiable
contributors required to be named in the disclosure
statement, the ad may include only the following sentence
of the disclosure statement:
"Paid for by [name of the committee that paid for the
advertisement]."
b) In the case of a television or video advertisement, the
disclosure statement shall read as follows:
Ad Paid for by a Committee whose Top Funders are:
1. [Identifiable contributor who made the largest
contribution to the committee]
2. [Identifiable contributor who made the second largest
contribution to the committee]
3. [Identifiable contributor who made the third largest
contribution to the committee]
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Funding Details At: [website containing contributor
information].
Paid for by [name of the committee that paid for the
advertisement].
c) In the case of a mass mailing or print advertisement
designed to be distributed personally, the disclosure
statement shall read as follows:
Ad Paid for by a Committee whose Top Funders are:
1. [Identifiable contributor who made the largest
contribution to the committee]
2. [Identifiable contributor who made the second largest
contribution to the committee]
3. [Identifiable contributor who made the third largest
contribution to the committee]
Funding Details At: [website containing contributor
information].
Paid for by [name of the committee that paid for the
advertisement].
i) Provides that if the advertisement is five inches
tall or less, it does not need to include the "Funding
Details" line.
ii) Provides that if the advertisement is four inches
tall or less, it needs to include only the two top
funders, instead of the three top funders.
iii) Provides that if the advertisement is three inches
tall or less, it needs to include only the top funder,
instead of the three top funders.
4)Imposes the following requirements on the disclosure
statements required by this bill:
a) In the case of a radio advertisement or prerecorded
telephonic message, the statement must be at the beginning
or end of the advertisement, read in a clearly spoken
manner and in a pitch and tone substantially similar to the
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rest of the advertisement.
b) In the case of a television or video advertisement, the
statement must be included in a disclosure area with a
solid black background on the entire bottom one-third of
the screen at the beginning or end of the advertisement for
a minimum of five seconds in the case of an advertisement
lasting 30 seconds or less, or for a minimum of 10 seconds
in the case of an advertisement lasting longer than 30
seconds.
c) In the case of a mass mailing or print advertisement
designed to be distributed personally:
i) In the case of an advertisement disseminated by a
political party or candidate-controlled committee, the
statement must be included in a disclosure area on the
outside display surface of the advertisement; and,
ii) In the case of an advertisement disseminated by a
committee other than a political party or
candidate-controlled committee, the statement must be
included in a disclosure area on the largest page of the
advertisement with a solid white background with black
text.
5)Specifies requirements for the size, color, and placement of
the text of disclosure statements required by this bill.
6)Provides that the disclosure of the name of an identifiable
contributor under this bill does not need to include legal
terms such as "incorporated," "committee," "political action
committee," or "corporation" or their abbreviations, unless
the term is part of the contributor's name in common usage or
parlance.
7)Provides that if this bill requires disclosure of the name of
an identifiable contributor that is a sponsored committee that
has a single sponsor, only the name of the committee's
sponsoring organization shall be disclosed.
8)Provides that if an identifiable contributor that is required
to be included in a disclosure statement pursuant to this bill
is the parent of a subsidiary corporation whose economic
interest is more directly impacted than the parent by a
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measure that is the subject of the advertisement, then the
subsidiary's name shall be disclosed.
9)Defines the following terms, for the purposes of this bill:
a) "Advertisement" to mean any general or public
communication that is either of the following:
i) Authorized and paid for by a committee for the
purpose of supporting or opposing a candidate for
elective office; or,
ii) A ballot measure advocacy communication supporting
or opposing the qualification, passage, or defeat of a
ballot measure.
b) Provides that the term "advertisement" does not include
any of the following:
i) A communication from an organization, other than a
political party, to its members;
ii) A campaign button smaller than 10 inches in
diameter; a bumper sticker smaller than 60 square inches;
or a small tangible promotional item such as a pen, pin,
or key chain, upon which the disclosures required by law
cannot be conveniently printed or displayed;
iii) Clothing apparel;
iv) Sky writing;
v) An electronic media communication, if inclusion of
disclosures is impracticable or would severely interfere
with the committee's ability to convey the intended
message because of the nature of the technology used to
make the communication; or,
vi) Any other advertisement as determined by regulations
of the Fair Political Practices Commission (FPPC).
c) "Cumulative contributions" to mean the cumulative amount
of contributions received by a committee beginning 12
months prior to the date the committee made its first
expenditure for the purpose of supporting or opposing a
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candidate for elective office or for the purpose of
qualification, passage, or defeat of a ballot measure, and
ending seven days before the time the advertisement is
disseminated or broadcast.
d) "Identifiable contributor" to mean a person that is the
original source of funds for contributions received by a
committee that cumulatively total $50,000 or more,
notwithstanding the fact that the funds were transferred,
in whole or in part, through one or more other committees
or persons.
10)Requires the FPPC, not later than January 1, 2016, to
promulgate regulations related to the reporting and tracking
of funds transferred by an identifiable contributor to
committees and other persons.
11)Requires disclosure statements to be updated to reflect any
changes in the order of identifiable contributors as follows:
a) In the case of television, radio, or other electronic
media advertisements, within seven business days, or within
five business days if the order of contributors changes
within 30 days of an election; and,
b) In the case of a print advertisement, including
non-electronic billboards, prior to placing a new or
modified order for additional printing of the
advertisement.
12)Permits the FPPC to promulgate regulations to require
disclosures on all forms of advertisements regarding ballot
measures not covered by this bill, including electronic media
advertisements and billboards. Requires the regulations, if
feasible, to require the listing of the name of the committee
and as many of the three identifiable contributors that made
the largest cumulative contributions as possible in a
conspicuous manner, unless the committee that paid for the
advertisement is a political party or candidate-controlled
committee, in which case only the name of the committee must
be shown. Provides that the disclosure area may occupy no
more than 10 percent of the advertisement.
13)Makes the following findings and declarations:
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a) Ever-increasing amounts are raised and spent in support
of and opposition to state and local ballot measures,
especially in the form of advertisements. The outcomes of
such elections are disproportionately impacted by whichever
side is able to raise and spend the most money to advance
its position.
b) Ever-increasing amounts are spent on California
campaigns by persons who do one or more of the following:
i) Frequently use their wealth to fund local and state
ballot measures designed to advance their own economic
interests.
ii) Increasingly avoid having their identities disclosed
in election-related advertisements by channeling funds
through one or more persons before those funds are
received by a committee, thereby undermining the purpose
and intent of laws requiring disclosure on such
advertisements.
iii) Spend extraordinary amounts of money running
election-related advertisements while hiding behind
dubious and misleading names, including, but not limited
to, advertisements by primarily formed committees and
general purpose committees.
iv) Increasingly evade disclosure by funding
advertisements designed to persuade voters without
expressly advocating support or opposition.
c) The activities described in (b) cause the public to
become increasingly disaffected with the democratic
process, discouraging participation in elections and
coloring public perceptions of the legitimacy and integrity
of state and local government.
d) The people of California and their government officials
have a compelling interest in knowing the true and original
source of committee funding and receiving clear information
identifying the largest original contributors responsible
for political advertisements funded by such committees.
e) The disclosure of original contributors on
advertisements serves the following important governmental
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and societal purposes:
i) Providing the people and government officials
current and easily accessible information regarding who
is funding advertisements that are intended to influence
their votes on ballot measures.
ii) Enabling the people and government officials to
identify potential bias in advertisements to assist them
in making more informed decisions and giving proper
weight to different speakers and messages.
iii) Deterring actual corruption and avoiding the
appearance of corruption by providing increased
transparency of contributions and expenditures.
iv) Improving the people's confidence in the democratic
process and increasing their motivation to actively
participate in that process by regular voting and other
forms of civic engagement.
v) Promoting compliance with and detecting violations
of the Political Reform Act (PRA), while also addressing
the problems and advancing the state interests described
in the PRA.
14)Makes technical and conforming changes.
EXISTING LAW :
1)Creates the FPPC, and makes it responsible for the impartial,
effective administration and implementation of the PRA.
2)Requires an advertisement for or against any ballot measure to
include a disclosure statement identifying any person whose
cumulative contributions are $50,000 or more. Provides that
if there are more than two donors of $50,000 or more, the
disclosure only needs to include the highest and second
highest donors in that order.
3)Requires a committee that supports or opposes one or more
ballot measures to name itself using a name or phrase that
identifies the economic or other special interest of its major
donors of $50,000 or more. Provides that if the major donors
of $50,000 or more share a common employer, the identity of
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the employer must also be disclosed.
4)Requires a broadcast or mass mailing advertisement supporting
or opposing a candidate or ballot measure that is paid for by
an IE to include a disclosure statement identifying the name
of the committee making the expenditure and the names of the
persons from whom the committee making the IE received its two
highest cumulative contributions of $50,000 or more during the
12-month period prior to the expenditure.
5)Provides that when a disclosure of the top two donors is
required on an advertisement pursuant to either of the above
provisions, only the largest donor needs to be disclosed on an
advertisement that is an electronic broadcast of 15 seconds or
less or a print advertisement of 20 square inches or less.
FISCAL EFFECT : Unknown. State-mandated local program;
contains a crimes and infractions disclaimer.
COMMENTS :
1)Purpose of the Bill : According to the author:
Campaign spending has reached unprecedented levels in
recent years. In 2012, over $475 million was spent on
ballot measures alone in California. Furthermore, many
ballot measure committees and general purpose
committees that contribute to them are purposely
established to disguise who exactly is funding the
campaign messages that voters see and hear, hiding
behind vague names such as "Californians for
Progress." Money is often purposefully channeled
through multiple layers of committees or organizations
to make it harder to trace and disclose. As a result,
the March 2013 PPIC Poll found that 84% of all likely
voters, across political ideology, want increased
public disclosure of funding sources for signature
gathering and initiative campaigns.
While it is essential for individuals and
organizations in a democracy to be able to communicate
effectively and efficiently with voters, it is equally
important that voters are not intentionally deceived
and elections are not decided upon misinformation. SB
52 will increase transparency of campaign spending in
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elections by disclosing major contributors on campaign
advertisements for and against ballot measures to
ensure that the true original contributors are known
by voters when they see the ads. SB 52 requires all
state and local ballot measure ads in California to
clearly and prominently list their top three original
funders of $50,000 or more in the case of television
and print ads, or top two funders in the case of radio
ads. Strengthening disclosure requirements on ballot
measure advertisements is necessary to help
Californians be better informed and feel more
represented by their government.
Current law does not require disclosure of any major
funders for ads that clearly refer to ballot measures
that are meant to influence the public on their vote,
but that do not expressly advocate for their passage
or defeat. SB 52 resolves this loophole by requiring
clear and prominent disclosure of the top funders on
"ballot measure advocacy communications," which means
"an advertisement that is disseminated, broadcast, or
otherwise communicated within 45 days of the election
concerning a measure that clearly refers to the
measure and that a reasonable person would interpret
the overall message as being for or against the
measure."
SB 52 will also ensure that the top contributors
disclosed on ballot measure advertisements are truly
the top three original funders of the advertisement,
not misleading committee or nonprofit names. Current
disclosure reporting law has a fundamental limitation
in that ballot measure ads must only show their direct
contributors that gave them money, not the original
contributors of that money - i.e., the original
individuals, corporations or unions that gave it. SB
52 ensures that ballot measure disclosure will follow
the money - no matter how many committees or other
persons funds are transferred through.
2)Existing Political Advertising Disclaimers : Under the PRA,
committees must put "paid for by" disclaimers on campaign
advertising, including campaign mailers, radio and television
ads, telephone robocalls, and electronic media ads. The
following, which is based on a publication produced by the
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FPPC, discusses disclaimer requirements for committees that
purchase advertisements or circulate material supporting or
opposing a state or local candidate or ballot measure in
California.
When is a disclaimer required on political ads or materials?
Political committees must include the following disclaimers:
Mass mailings, including blast campaign emails, must
include identification of the sender.
Paid telephone calls must identify the candidate or
committee who paid for or authorized the call.
Radio and television ads must include a "paid for by"
disclaimer under Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
law.
Ballot measure ads and independent expenditure ads must
include "paid for by committee name" and such ads by
primarily formed committees must also list top two donors
of $50,000 or more. This applies to television, radio, and
electronic media advertisements, robocalls, mass mailings,
and print ads such as newspaper ads, billboards and yard
signs.
Are the PRA's disclaimer rules the same for all committees and
all ads?
No. Basic disclaimer rules apply to campaign materials
disseminated by a candidate for their own election campaign
because it is generally clear to the public that the candidate
is sending the communication. Stricter disclaimer rules apply
to (1) ballot measure advertisements and (2) independent
expenditure advertisements on candidates and ballot measures,
because it is less clear to the public who is responsible for
these ads.
What does the disclaimer have to state?
The basic disclaimer must state: "Paid for by committee name."
Ballot measure and independent expenditure ads paid for by
primarily formed committees must also list top two donors of
$50,000 or more and special committee name rules apply. All
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independent expenditure ads for or against a candidate must
state that the ad was: "Not authorized by a candidate or a
committee controlled by a candidate."
How must the disclaimer appear?
Disclaimers on political ads and literature must be clear and
conspicuous so as to be understood by the intended public.
Written disclaimers must be printed clearly and legibly.
Spoken disclaimers must be clearly audible and intelligible.
Updating a disclaimer
When a committee's name changes because of new top donors or
otherwise, advertisement disclaimers must be revised.
Television, radio, electronic media, or robocalls must be
amended within five calendar days. Print media, mass mailings,
or other tangible items must be amended every time an order to
reproduce is placed.
Advertisements in Languages Other than English
Disclaimers on political advertisements should be written or
spoken in the same language used in the advertisement.
Does a disclaimer have to appear on ALL printed materials or
campaign items?
No. A disclaimer is not required on regular-size campaign
buttons, pins, bumper stickers, or magnets. It is not required
on pens, pencils, rulers, mugs, potholders, key tags, golf
balls and similar small campaign promotional items where a
disclaimer cannot be conveniently printed.
The disclaimer is not required on t-shirts, caps, hats, and
other articles of clothing; skywriting and airplane banners;
or committee checks and receipts.
3)Constitutional Issues : This measure could be interpreted as a
violation of the United States and California Constitutions'
guarantees to free speech. While the right to freedom of
speech is not absolute, when a law burdens core political
speech, the restrictions on speech generally must be "narrowly
tailored to serve an overriding state interest," McIntyre v.
Ohio Elections Commission (1995), 514 US 334.
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In ACLU v. Heller (2004), 378 F.3d 979, the Ninth Circuit Court
of Appeals struck down a Nevada law that required any
published material concerning a campaign to identify the
person paying for the publication. In that case, the state of
Nevada argued that its law served three state interests,
including helping voters evaluate the usefulness of
information in a campaign communication, preventing fraud and
libel, and furthering enforcement of disclosure and
contribution election laws. The court concluded that Nevada
failed to demonstrate that its statute was "narrowly tailored
to serve an overriding state interest" in accordance with the
test established in McIntyre . The court did note in its
ruling, however, that "[a]n on-publication identification
requirement carefully tailored to further a state's campaign
finance laws, or to prevent the corruption of public
officials, could well pass constitutional muster."
Additionally, supporters of this bill have argued that,
notwithstanding the decision in the Heller case, the
provisions of this bill nonetheless are constitutional in
light of disclosure requirements that were upheld by the
United States Supreme Court in Citizens United v. Federal
Election Commission (2010), 130 S.Ct. 876. While the Citizens
United case is probably best known as the case in which the
United States Supreme Court struck down a 63 year old law that
prohibited corporations and unions from using their general
treasury funds to make IEs in federal elections, in the same
case, the Court also upheld certain disclaimer and disclosure
provisions of the federal Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act
(BCRA) of 2002, also sometimes called "McCain-Feingold" for
its Senate authors.
The Citizens United case involved a nonprofit corporation
(Citizens United) that sought to run television commercials
promoting a film it produced that was critical of then-Senator
and presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. Because federal
law prohibited corporations and unions from using their
general treasury funds to make expenditures for
"electioneering communications" or for communications that
expressly advocated the election or defeat of a candidate,
Citizens United was concerned that the television commercials
promoting its film could subject the corporation to criminal
and civil penalties. Under BCRA, the film produced by
Citizens United and the television commercials promoting that
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movie were subject to certain disclaimer and disclosure
requirements-specifically, a requirement that televised
electioneering communications must include a disclaimer
indicating the name of the person or organization that was
"responsible for the content" of the advertising.
Additionally, each communication was required to include a
statement that the communication was "not authorized by any
candidate or candidate's committee," and was required to
display the name and address of the person or group that
funded the advertisement. Finally, under a different
provision of BCRA, any person who spent more than $10,000 in a
calendar year is required to file a disclosure statement with
the Federal Elections Commission (FEC) identifying the person
making the expenditure, the amount of the expenditure, the
election to which the communication was directed, and the
names of contributors in certain circumstances.
Citizens United (the corporation) challenged these disclaimer
and disclosure requirements as applied to the film and the
television advertisements promoting that film. Specifically,
Citizens United argued that the disclaimer and disclosure
requirements were unconstitutional on the grounds the
governmental interest in providing information to the
electorate did not justify requiring disclaimers for
commercial advertisements. The court disagreed, finding that
the disclaimers provided the electorate with important
information, helping to ensure that voters were informed, and
"avoid[ed] confusion by making clear that the ads are not
funded by a candidate or political party."
While some of the requirements of this bill are comparable to
provisions of federal law that were at issue in Citizens
United (for instance, certain disclaimer requirements included
in this bill are similar to those required under federal law
that were upheld by the court in Citizens United ), other
requirements in this bill go beyond what is required by
federal law, and beyond what was considered by the court in
Citizens United . Specifically, the provisions of this bill
that require the identities of certain campaign
contributors-entities that were not individually responsible
for the content or the production of the advertising-to be
included in campaign advertising go beyond what is required by
federal law. In light of that fact, while the court in
Citizens United did uphold certain federal disclaimer
requirements, it is unclear whether the broader requirements
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in this bill would similarly be upheld against a
constitutional challenge on the grounds that those
requirements violate the First Amendment.
4)Ballot Measure Advertisements Only : Unlike prior versions of
this bill, and of similar previous legislation (see below),
this bill does not apply to campaign advertisements related to
candidates. The existing requirements that apply to those
advertisements would continue to apply to candidate ads under
this bill. Instead, the new on-advertisement disclosure
requirements contained in this bill apply only to
advertisements related to ballot measures.
5)FPPC Discretion : This bill provides the FPPC with a
significant amount of discretion and authority to determine
how key portions of this bill will be implemented. For
instance, this bill requires an advertisement to include the
name of a person who is "the original source of funds" for
contributions received by the committee that pays for the
advertisement, notwithstanding the fact that the funds were
transferred through one or more other committees or persons.
This bill does not, however, establish the methodology for
reporting and tracking of funds that are transferred through
committees so that the "original source of funds" can be
determined, but instead tasks the FPPC with developing
regulations to create such a methodology.
Furthermore, this bill provides that if an identifiable
contributor that is required to be disclosed in a campaign
advertisement is the parent of a subsidiary corporation whose
economic interest is more directly impacted than the parent by
the ballot measure that is the subject of the advertisement,
then the subsidiary's name shall be disclosed on the
advertisement. However, this bill does not define the term
"economic interest," nor does it establish a method for
determining which entity's economic interest would be more
directly impacted. As a result, these details would need to
be determined by the FPPC through the adoption of regulations
or the issuance of advice.
6)Changes to Findings and Technical Amendments : In order to
ensure that one of the legislative findings in this bill more
precisely describes the research that has been submitted by
the author and sponsor of this bill, committee staff
recommends the following amendment:
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On page 3, lines 7 to 8, strike out "whichever side is able to
raise and spend the most money to advance its position" and
insert:
campaign expenditures in support of and in opposition to
these measures
In addition, committee staff recommends the following
technical amendments to this bill:
On page 11, line 19, strike out "8.5" and insert:
93 square
On page 11, lines 20-21, strike out "8.5 inches by 11" and
insert:
93 square
7)Previous Legislation : This bill is similar to AB 1148
(Brownley) and AB 1648 (Brownley) from the 2011-2012
Legislative session. AB 1148 was approved by this committee
by a 5-0 vote, but failed passage on the Assembly Floor. AB
1648 was approved by this committee by a 4-2 vote, and was
approved on the Assembly Floor by a 50-26 vote, but was not
heard in the Senate.
SB 27 (Correa), Chapter 16, Statutes of 2014, establishes
conditions under which a multipurpose organization that makes
campaign contributions or expenditures is required to disclose
names of its donors. One provision of SB 27 requires a
committee that is primarily formed to support or oppose a
state ballot measure or state candidate that raises $1,000,000
or more for an election to maintain an accurate list of the
committee's top 10 contributors, and requires that list to be
posted on the FPPC's website. This bill requires the
disclosure statements on certain types of advertisements to
include a link to that contributor list on the FPPC's website.
8)Political Reform Act of 1974 : California voters passed an
initiative, Proposition 9, in 1974 that created the FPPC and
codified significant restrictions and prohibitions on
candidates, officeholders and lobbyists. That initiative is
commonly known as the PRA. Amendments to the PRA that are not
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submitted to the voters, such as those contained in this bill,
must further the purposes of the initiative and require a
two-thirds vote of both houses of the Legislature.
REGISTERED SUPPORT / OPPOSITION :
Support
California Clean Money Campaign (Sponsor)
In addition, the California Clean Money Campaign submitted
copies of petitions signed by more than 5,000 individuals
in support of SB 52
Brennan Center for Justice (prior version)
California Alliance for Retired Americans (prior version)
California Church IMPACT (prior version)
California Common Cause
California Federation of Interpreters (prior version)
California Forward Action Fund (prior version)
California League of Conservation Voters (prior version)
California National Organization for Women (prior version)
California OneCare (prior version)
California State Retirees (prior version)
CALPIRG (prior version)
City of Watsonville (prior version)
Consumer Federation of California (prior version)
Courage Campaign (prior version)
Endangered Habitats League (prior version)
Fresno Stonewall Democrats (prior version)
Friends Committee on Legislation of California (prior version)
Global Exchange (prior version)
Green Chamber of Commerce (prior version)
Insurance Commissioner Dave Jones (prior version)
Jericho (prior version)
League of Women Voters of California (prior version)
Los Angeles County Democratic Party (prior version)
Lutheran Office of Public Policy (prior version)
MapLight (prior version)
National Council of Jewish Women (prior version)
Pacific Palisades Democratic Club (prior version)
Progressives United (prior version)
Public Citizen (prior version)
Redwood Empire Business Association (prior version)
Rootstrikers (prior version)
San Diego County Democratic Party (prior version)
Southwest California Synod Evangelical Lutheran Church in
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America (prior version)
Southwest Voter Registration Education Project (prior version)
Union of American Physicians and Dentists/AFSCME Local 206
(prior version)
United Teachers Los Angeles (prior version)
10 individuals (prior version)
Opposition
Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association
Analysis Prepared by : Ethan Jones / E. & R. / (916) 319-2094