BILL ANALYSIS Ó
AB 1760
Page 1
Date of Hearing: April 12, 2016
Counsel: David Billingsley
ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY
Reginald Byron Jones-Sawyer, Sr., Chair
AB
1760 (Santiago) - As Introduced February 2, 2016
As Proposed to be Amended in Committee
SUMMARY: Directs a peace officer who determines that a minor is
a victim of human trafficking to report such abuse, consult with
a child welfare worker about a safe placement for the minor, and
transport the minor to such placement, unless the minor is
otherwise arrested. Specifies that the officer should provide
information that the minor has committed crimes as a direct
result of being a human trafficking victim to the district
attorney's office for independent evaluation. Specifically,
this bill:
1)Directs a peace officer coming in contact with a person
suspected to be a victim of human trafficking to make best
efforts to determine whether the person is a minor who is a
human trafficking victim.
2)Allows the officer to seek the assistance of human trafficking
experts within or affiliated with the law enforcement agency,
and Non-Governmental Organizations with specialized training
and experience in human trafficking, to make a determination
whether a person is minor who is a human trafficking victim.
3)Specifies that if the peace officer determines that the person
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is a minor who is a human trafficking victim and the officer
has probable cause to believe that the minor has committed
other crimes as a direct result of being a human trafficking
victim, the peace officer shall make a record of those
determinations and provide the district attorney of the county
with such record for independent evaluation.
4)States that unless the minor is otherwise arrested, upon
making the determination that the minor is a victim of human
trafficking the peace officer shall:
a) Report suspected abuse or neglect of that minor to the
agency given responsibility for investigation of cases of
neglect and abuse; and
b) Consult with the child welfare worker regarding safe
placement for the minor which will separate the minor from
the trafficker and from being trafficked and transport the
minor to that placement.
5)Allows an officer to take a minor into temporary protective
custody upon a reasonable belief that specified conditions are
met, including that custody is necessary to protect the minor
from a person found or suspected to have committed human
trafficking.
6)Requires the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and
Training (POST) to update its training to conform with changes
in law that this bill would make.
7)Enacts the State Plan to Serve and Protect Child Trafficking
Victims and would require the California Health and Human
Services Agency, no later than January 30, 2017, to convene an
interagency workgroup, as specified, to develop the plan with
the following minimum requirements:
a) A multiagency-coordinated child trafficking response
protocol and guidelines for local implementation that
establish clear lines of ongoing responsibility to ensure
that child trafficking victims have access to the necessary
continuum of treatment options; and
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b) Requires the workgroup to submit the plan to the
Legislature, Judicial Council, and Governor no later than
January 30, 2018.
8)Requires the State Department of Social Services to establish
a working group in consultation with county welfare
departments and other stakeholders to develop recommendations
for the board, care, and supervision of child trafficking
victims who are in need of placement in facilities that will
protect them from traffickers and provide needed specialized
support and services.
9)States that the State Department of Social Services, with
input from specified stakeholders, to identify, develop, and
disseminate screening tools for use by county child welfare
and probation staff to identify children who are child
trafficking victims.
10)Requires the State Department of Social Services, no later
than December 31, 2017, to provide counties with guidance on
the use of the screening tools.
11)Specifies that the State Department of Social Services and
the State Department of Health Care Services, in consultation
with specified stakeholders, shall identify tools and best
practices to screen, assess, and serve child trafficking
victims.
12)Requires the State Department of Social Services to develop
curriculum and provide training to local multidisciplinary
teams no later than December 31, 2017.
13)Requires each county to develop an interagency protocol to be
utilized in serving child trafficking victims. The bill would
require each county's protocol to be adopted by the board of
supervisors no later than June 30, 2017. The bill would
require the protocols to identify the roles and
responsibilities of county based agencies and local service
responders in serving victims of trafficking or commercial
sexual exploitation.
14)States that the administrator certification program for group
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homes, the administrator certification program for short-term
residential treatment centers, mandatory training for licensed
or certified foster parents, and training for mandated child
abuse reporters and child welfare personnel shall include
instruction on cultural competency and sensitivity and related
best practices for providing adequate care to child
trafficking victims.
15)Requires the California Child Welfare Council to provide
recommendations and updates to the State Plan to Serve and
Protect Child Trafficking Victims.
EXISTING LAW:
1)Requires law enforcement agencies to use due diligence to
identify all victims of human trafficking, regardless of the
citizenship of the person. (Pen. Code, § 236.2.):
2)Specifies that when a peace officer comes into contact with a
person who has been deprived of his or her personal liberty, a
minor who has engaged in a commercial sex act, a person
suspected of violating specified prostitution offenses, or a
victim of a crime of domestic violence or sexual assault, the
peace officer shall consider whether the following indicators
of human trafficking are present (Pen. Code, § 236.2.):
a) Signs of trauma, fatigue, injury, or other evidence of
poor care;
b) The person is withdrawn, afraid to talk, or his or her
communication is censored by another person;
c) The person does not have freedom of movement;
d) The person lives and works in one place;
e) The person owes a debt to his or her employer;
f) Security measures are used to control who has contact
with the person; and
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g) The person does not have control over his or her own
government-issued identification or over his or her worker
immigration documents.
3)States that any person who deprives or violates the personal
liberty of another with the intent to obtain forced labor or
services, is guilty of human trafficking and shall be punished
by imprisonment in the state prison for 5, 8, or 12 years and
a fine of not more than five hundred thousand dollars
($500,000). (Pen. Code § 236.1, subd. (a).)
4)Specifies that any person who deprives or violates the
personal liberty of another with the intent to effect or
maintain a violation of specified sex offenses, is guilty of
human trafficking and shall be punished by imprisonment in the
state prison for 8, 14, or 20 years and a fine of not more
than five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000). (Pen. Code §
236.1, subd. (b).)
5)Provides that any person who causes or persuades, or attempts
to cause or persuade, a person who is a minor to engage in a
commercial sex act, with the intent to effect a violation of
specified sex offenses is guilty of human trafficking. A
violation of this subdivision is punishable by imprisonment in
the state prison as follows:
a) Five, 8, or 12 years and a fine of not more than five
hundred thousand dollars ($500,000). (Pen. Code § 236.1,
subd. (c)(1).)
a) Fifteen years to life and a fine of not more than five
hundred thousand dollars ($500,000) when the offense
involves force, fear, fraud, deceit, coercion, violence,
duress, menace, or threat of unlawful injury to the victim
or to another person. (Pen. Code § 236.1, subd. (c)(2).)
6)Defines "coercion" as "any scheme, plan, or pattern intended
to cause a person to believe that failure to perform an act
would result in serious harm to or physical restraint against
any person; the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal
process; debt bondage; or providing and facilitating the
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possession of any controlled substance to a person with the
intent to impair the person's judgment." (Pen. Code § 236.1,
subd. (h)(1).)
7)Defines "commercial sex act" as "sexual conduct on account of
which anything of value is given or received by any person."
(Pen. Code § 236.1, subd. (h)(2).)
8) Defines "deprivation or violation of the personal liberty of
another" as "substantial and sustained restriction of
another's liberty accomplished through force, fear, fraud,
deceit, coercion, violence, duress, menace, or threat of
unlawful injury to the victim or to another person, under
circumstances where the person receiving or apprehending the
threat reasonably believes that it is likely that the person
making the threat would carry it out." (Pen. Code § 236.1,
subd. (h)(3).)
9)Defines "duress" as a "direct or implied threat of force,
violence, danger, hardship, or retribution sufficient to cause
a reasonable person to acquiesce in or perform an act which he
or she would otherwise not have submitted to or performed; a
direct or implied threat to destroy, conceal, remove,
confiscate, or possess any actual or purported passport or
immigration document of the victim; or knowingly destroying,
concealing, removing, confiscating, or possessing any actual
or purported passport or immigration document of the victim."
(Pen. Code § 236.1, subd. (h)(5).)
10)Defines "forced labor or services" as "labor or services that
are performed or provided by a person and are obtained or
maintained through force, fraud, duress, or coercion, or
equivalent conduct that would reasonably overbear the will of
the person." (Pen. Code § 236.1, subd. (h)(5).)
11) Specifies that the total circumstances, including the age of
the victim, the relationship between the victim and the
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trafficker or agents of the trafficker, and any handicap or
disability of the victim, shall be factors to consider in
determining the presence of "deprivation or violation of the
personal liberty of another," "duress," and "coercion" as
described in this section. (Pen. Code § 236.1, subd. (i).)
12)States that except as specified, a mandated reporter shall
make a report to an agency, as specified, whenever the
mandated reporter, in his or her professional capacity or
within the scope of his or her employment, has knowledge of or
observes a child whom the mandated reporter knows or
reasonably suspects has been the victim of child abuse or
neglect. (Pen. Code, § 11166, subd. (a).)
13)Requires the mandated reporter to make an initial report by
telephone to the agency immediately or as soon as is
practicably possible, and shall prepare and send, fax, or
electronically transmit a written follow-up report within 36
hours of receiving the information concerning the incident.
(Pen. Code, § 11166, subd. (a).)
14)Specifies that POST shall implement by January 1, 2007, a
course or courses of instruction for the training of law
enforcement officers in California in the handling of human
trafficking complaints and also shall develop guidelines for
law enforcement response to human trafficking. (Pen. Code
13519.14, subd. (a).)
15)States that the instruction and the guidelines shall stress
the dynamics and manifestations of human trafficking,
identifying and communicating with victims, providing
documentation that satisfy the Law Enforcement Agency (LEA)
endorsement required by federal law, collaboration with
federal law enforcement officials, therapeutically appropriate
investigative techniques, the availability of civil and
immigration remedies and community resources, and protection
of the victim. (Pen. Code 13519.14, subd. (a).)
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16)Requires every law enforcement officer who is assigned field
or investigative duties to complete a minimum of two hours of
training in a course or courses of instruction pertaining to
the handling of human trafficking complaints as described in
subdivision (a) by July 1, 2014, or within six months of being
assigned to that position, whichever is later. (Pen. Code
13519.14, subd. (e).)
17)Specifies that any peace officer may, without a warrant, take
into temporary custody a minor when the officer has reasonable
cause for believing that the minor has an immediate need for
medical care, or the minor is in immediate danger of physical
or sexual abuse, or the physical environment or the fact that
the child is left unattended poses an immediate threat to the
child's health or safety, and the minor meets other specified
criteria. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 305.)
18)Specifies that if a child has suffered, or there is a
substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical
harm or illness, as a result of the failure or inability of
his or her parent or guardian to adequately supervise or
protect the child, or the willful or negligent failure of the
child's parent or guardian to adequately supervise or protect
the child from the conduct of the custodian with whom the
child has been left, is within the jurisdiction of the
juvenile court and may be found to be a dependent child of the
court. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 300, subd. (b)(1).)
19)States that a child who is sexually trafficked, as specified,
or who receives food or shelter in exchange for, or who is
paid to perform, sexual acts as specified, and whose parent or
guardian failed to, or was unable to, protect the child, is
within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court and may be found
to be a dependent child of the court. (Welf. & Inst. Code, §
300, subd. (b)(2).)
20)Specifies that persons who committed the act or made the
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omission under threats or menaces sufficient to show that they
had reasonable cause to and did believe their lives would be
endangered if they refused, are not guilty of a crime (unless
the crime be punishable with death). (Pen. Code, § 26.)
FISCAL EFFECT: Unknown
COMMENTS:
1)Author's Statement: According to the author, "Child victims
of human trafficking are forced, induced, or coerced into
providing labor services, or sex. A trafficked child may be
compelled to engage in illegal activities such as prostitution
or selling drugs. Instead of being identified as trafficked
and treated as victims, many are treated as criminals and
prosecuted for the very crimes that were part of the
traffickers' victimization and profit.
"Currently in California, a minor can be prosecuted for
prostitution and for non-violent crimes their traffickers
forced them to commit. Arrest and prosecution further
traumatizes the victim and leaves him or her with a profound
distrust of law enforcement. This can deter victims from
seeking assistance or leave them vulnerable to continued
exploitation. Furthermore, the criminal record that results
from being arrested and prosecuted as a child can create
long-term barriers to education, employment, housing, and
other opportunities.
"AB 1760 is necessary in order to protect trafficked child
victims from being criminalized and to ensure there is a
system in place that effectively identifies, houses, and cares
for all trafficked children. This measure will reduce a
trafficked child victims' distrust of law enforcement,
establish multi-leveled coordinated efforts, ensure diversion
to supportive services, and prevent the negative psychological
impacts child trafficked victims have due to arrest and
detention."
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2)Peace Officers are Already Mandated Reporters of Child Abuse
or Neglect: The California Child Abuse Neglect Reporting Act
(CANRA) requires mandatory reporting when certain individuals
suspect that a child has been abused or neglected. Law
enforcement officers are one of the groups which have
mandatory reporting responsibilities.
A mandated reporter must make a report whenever, in his/her
professional capacity or within the scope of his/her
employment, he/she has knowledge of, or observes a child (a
person under 18) whom the mandated reporter knows or
reasonably suspects has been the victim of child abuse or
neglect. Abuse includes the sexual exploitation of a child.
When law enforcement suspects abuse or neglect they inform child
protective services and the district attorney's office of the
suspected abuse.
3)The Existing Legal Defenses of Duress and Necessity Can Apply
to Victims of Human Trafficking Forced to Commit Crimes:
California law provides the possibility of defenses based on
duress or necessity when a person commits a crime to avoid a
significant danger to themselves or others. These defenses
certainly can apply to situations in which victims of human
trafficking are forced into criminal behavior by their
trafficker. Circumstances consistent with a defense of duress
or necessity can be considered by a district attorney's office
when they decide what criminal charges to file, or whether
charges will be filed at all. If charges are filed, evidence
to establish these defenses can be presented as part of the
court process.
The instruction the jury would receive when considering the
defense of duress is as follows:
The defendant acted under duress if, because of threat or
menace, (he/she) believed that (his/her/ [or] someone
else's) life would be in immediate danger if (he/she)
refused a demand or request to commit the crime[s]. The
demand or request may have been express or implied.
The defendant's belief that (his/her/ [or] someone else's)
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life was in immediate danger must have been reasonable.
When deciding whether the defendant's belief was
reasonable, consider all the circumstances as they were
known to and appeared to the defendant and consider what a
reasonable person in the same position as the defendant
would have believed. (Calcrim 3402.)
A defense of necessity is similar to duress.
To justify an instruction on the defense of necessity, a
defendant must present evidence sufficient to establish
that she violated the law (1) to prevent a significant
bodily harm or evil to themselves or someone else, (2) with
no reasonable legal alternative, (3) without creating a
greater danger than the one avoided, (4) with a good faith
belief that the criminal act was necessary to prevent the
greater harm, (5) with such belief being objectively
reasonable, and (6) under circumstances in which she did
not substantially contribute to the emergency. (Calcrim
3403.)
4)As Proposed to be Amended in Committee: The proposed
amendments:
a) Delete language which prohibits the arrest or
prosecution of minors engaged in prostitution related
offenses.
b) Delete language which requires a peace officer to
determine whether a suspect of a crime is a minor who has
engaged in a commercial sex act or is a minor who is a
human trafficking victim, and whether any nonviolent crime
that person is suspected of was committed as a direct
result of being trafficked.
c) Delete language which provides immunity from prosecution
for non-violent offenses determined by a peace officer to
be directly related to being a victim of human trafficking.
d) Delete language which requires any record of an arrest
previously made to be sealed and destroyed if an officer
makes the specified factual determination.
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e) Add language which requires a peace officer coming in
contact with a person suspected to be a victim of human
trafficking to make best efforts to determine whether the
person is a minor who is a human trafficking victim.
f) Add language which allows the officer to seek the
assistance of human trafficking experts within or
affiliated with the law enforcement agency, and
Non-Governmental Organizations with specialized training
and experience in human trafficking, to make a
determination whether a person is minor who is a human
trafficking victim.
g) Add language which specifies that if the peace officer
determines that the person is a minor who is a human
trafficking victim and the officer has probable cause to
believe that the minor has committed other crimes as a
direct result of being a human trafficking victim, the
peace officer shall make a record of those determinations
and provide the district attorney of the county with such
record for independent evaluation.
h) Add language which states that unless the minor is
otherwise arrested, upon making the determination that the
minor is a victim of human trafficking the peace officer
shall:
i) report suspected abuse or neglect of that minor to
the agency given responsibility for investigation of
cases of neglect and abuse; and
ii) consult with the child welfare worker regarding safe
placement for the minor which will separate the minor
from the trafficker and from being trafficked and
transport the minor to that placement.
i) Add language which allows an officer to take a minor
into temporary protective custody upon a reasonable belief
that specified conditions are met, including that custody
is necessary to protect the minor from a person found or
suspected to have committed human trafficking.
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j) Make technical, non-substantive changes.
5)Argument in Support: According to The California Public
Defenders Association, "Commercial sexual exploitation and sex
trafficking of minors should be understood as acts of abuse
and violence against minors. Minors who are commercially
sexually exploited or trafficked for sexual purposes should
not be considered criminals. Identification of victims and
survivors and any intervention, above all, should do no
further harm to any child or adolescent. There is substantial
and compelling evidence that commercial exploitation and sex
trafficking of minors in the United States are serious
problems with immediate and long-term adverse consequences for
children and adolescents, as well as for families,
communities, and society as a whole. Efforts to identify and
respond to the commercial sexual exploitation and sex
trafficking of minors in the United States are emerging, but
efforts to date are largely under supported, insufficient,
uncoordinated, and unevaluated. Efforts to prevent, identify,
and respond to commercial sexual exploitation and sex
trafficking of minors require collaborative approaches that
build upon the core capabilities of people and entities from a
range of sectors.
"Law enforcement officers are often the earliest to respond to
minors that are the victims of commercial sexual exploitation
and sex trafficking. Their knowledge and ability to identify
victims, investigate cases for appropriate treatment/services,
and make appropriate referrals/recommendations to the court is
crucial to the development of an overall response to
commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors
at the earliest opportunity. That said, many law enforcement
personnel do not recognize commercial sexual exploitation and
sex trafficking of minors as serious problems. As a result,
they may fail to identify victims of these crimes and may be
uncertain about how to handle these cases.
"Recently the Committee on The Commercial Sexual Exploitation
and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States
(Committee), Institute of Medicine and National Research
Council issued a report with The National Academies Press
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entitled Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex
Trafficking of Minors in the United States, found that
"Although efforts to train personnel within the legal system
to address human trafficking have increased, the majority of
personnel in the system have not been trained to recognize and
respond to suspected or confirmed cases of commercial sexual
exploitation and sex trafficking of minors." The Committee
further observed that "Juvenile justice personnel need
training in identifying victims of trafficking who are in the
system on charges unrelated to prostitution through intake
screenings, runaway and homeless programs, and programming in
juvenile detention centers." Recommendations by the Committee
included the establishment of diversion programs so that youth
identified as victims of commercial sexual exploitation and
sex trafficking receive treatment as part of their
rehabilitation or in lieu of punishment; and that juvenile
justice agency personnel should refer youth identified as
victims of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking
to appropriate treatment services. The Committee further
recommended that states should develop laws and policies that
redirect young victims and survivors of commercial sexual
exploitation and sex trafficking from arrest and prosecution
as criminals or adjudication as delinquents to systems,
agencies and services that are equipped to meet their needs
and that such laws should apply to all children and
adolescents under age 18.
"It has also been recognized that many victim and support
service providers working with vulnerable youth lack an
understanding of commercial sexual exploitation and sex
trafficking, and therefore may not recognize youth in their
care who are at risk of or are victims/survivors of these
abuses. As a result, these service providers sometime fail to
connect youth in need to appropriate and timely services. The
Committee further acknowledged that victims and survivors of
commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking are
frequently in need of services, often including out-of-home
placement, which are limited and often nonexistent. This bill
would assist in insuring that law enforcement offices, other
stakeholders, and providers receive the appropriate training
to better assist the victims of commercial sexual exploitation
and sex trafficking and where necessary the appropriate
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treatment and services for the care and treatment of exploited
children. This bill would further provide for a consistent
and appropriate legal response to victims and survivors of
commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking."
6)Argument in Opposition: According to The California State
Sheriffs' Association, "We are sympathetic to the plight of
crime victims, especially minor victims of human trafficking.
That said, this bill's response to horrific situation is to
inappropriately blend the roles of members of the criminal
justice system, potentially allow criminals to escape
liability, and inadvertently encourage human traffickers to
use minors in their illicit trade.
"It is not the role of a frontline law enforcement officer to
make a determination that a person is actually the victim of a
crime. Rather, officers gather facts and investigate crime
scenes to form reasonable beliefs about what might have
transpired. It is the duty of the prosecutor to allege
liability and victim status, and perhaps confer immunity to
certain parties. This bill jumbles that relationship and
requires peace officers to effectively determine whether or
not certain persons are criminally liable for their behavior.
The bill further usurps the roles of judges and juries who
ultimately determine culpability and punishment.
"We also fear that this bill, inasmuch as it automatically
grants immunity to a minor who has committed any offense that
is not a violent felony if it results from human trafficking,
will allow offenders to escape punishment. Again, this
decision should be made by the judicial system and not
frontline law enforcement officers. Additionally, given the
immunity provisions this bill creates, we believe that human
traffickers would be encouraged to utilize minors in their
illegal activities because minors are effectively precluded
from being arrested, charged, or penalized."
7)Related Legislation:
a) AB 1675 (Stone) would provide that a minor who commits
the crimes of solicitation, prostitution, or loitering with
the intent to commit prostitution, is subject to the
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jurisdiction of the juvenile dependency court rather than
delinquency court. AB 1675 is pending in the Assembly
Judiciary Committee.
b) AB 1731 (Atkins), authorizes the chief probation officer
of a county to create a program to provide services to
youth within the county that address the need for services
relating to the commercial sexual exploitation of youth.
AB 1731 is pending hearing in the Assembly Appropriations
Committee.
c) AB 1761 (Weber), would create an affirmative defense
against a charge of a nonviolent crime that was committed
as a direct result of being a human trafficking victim. AB
1761 is being heard in this committee today.
d) AB 1762 (Campos), would allow an individual convicted of
a nonviolent crime while he or she was human trafficking
victim to apply to the court to vacate the conviction at
any time after it was entered. AB 1762 is pending hearing
in the Assembly Appropriations Committee.
e) SB 1322 (Mitchell), would decriminalize specified
prostitution related offenses committed by person under 18,
but would authorize a peace officer to take a minor into
temporary custody. SB 1322 is pending hearing in Senate
Public Safety Committee.
8)Prior Legislation:
a) AB 1585 (Alejo), Chapter 708, Statutes of 2014, provides
that a defendant who has been convicted of solicitation or
prostitution may petition the court to set aside the
conviction if the defendant can establish by clear and
convincing evidence that the conviction was the result of
his or her status as a victim of human trafficking.
b) AB 2040 (Swanson), Chapter 197, Statutes of 2012,
provides that a person who was adjudicated a ward of the
court for the commission of a violation of specified
provisions prohibiting prostitution may petition a court to
have his or her records sealed as these records pertain to
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the prostitution offenses without showing that he or she
has not been subsequently convicted of a felony or
misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, or that
rehabilitation has been attained.
c) AB 1940 (Hill), of the 2011-12 Legislative Session,
would have authorized a court to seal a record of
conviction for prostitution based on a finding that the
petitioner is a victim of human trafficking, that the
offense is the result of the petitioner's status as a
victim of that crime, and that the petitioner is therefore
factually innocent. AB 1940 was held on the Assembly
Committee on Appropriations' Suspense File.
d) AB 702 (Swanson), of the 2011-12 Legislative Session,
would have allowed a person adjudicated a ward of the court
or a person convicted of prostitution to have his or her
record sealed or conviction expunged without showing that
he or she has not been subsequently convicted or that he or
she has been rehabilitated. AB 702 was never heard by this
Committee and was returned to the Chief Clerk.
e) AB 22 (Lieber), Chapter 240, Statutes of 2005, created
the California Trafficking Victims Protection Act, which
established civil and criminal penalties for human
trafficking and allowed for forfeiture of assets derived
from human trafficking. In addition, the Act required law
enforcement agencies to provide Law Enforcement Agency
Endorsement to trafficking victims, providing trafficking
victims with protection from deportation and created the
human trafficking task force.
REGISTERED SUPPORT / OPPOSITION:
Support
Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (Sponsor)
ACT for Women and Girls
American Academy of Pediatrics
American Association of University Women Long Beach
California Church IMPACT
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California Public Defenders Association
California Women's Law Center
CAST Survivor Advisory Caucus
California Public Defenders Association
Clergy and Laity United for Economic Justice
Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles
Department on the Status of Women, City and County of San
Francisco
Housing California
Jewish Public Affairs Committee of California
Legal Services for Prisoners with Children
Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy
Opening Doors
National Association of Social Workers, California Chapter
National Council of Jewish Women CA
Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism
Shared Hope International
Opposition
California State Sheriffs' Association
Office of the District Attorney, Alameda County
Sacramento County District Attorney
Analysis Prepared
by: David Billingsley / PUB. S. / (916) 319-3744