BILL ANALYSIS                                                                                                                                                                                                    Ó






                                                                    AB 2298


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          Date of Hearing:  April 12, 2016
          Counsel:               Gabriel Caswell


                         ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY


                       Reginald Byron Jones-Sawyer, Sr., Chair





          AB  
                        2298 (Weber) - As Amended  April 6, 2016




          SUMMARY:  Imposes specified due process rights on California  
          Shared Gang Databases. Specifically, this bill:  

          1)Expands the notice requirement given to minors to include  
            adults, by requiring notice be provided to an adult before  
            designating a person as a suspected gang member, associate, or  
            affiliate in the database. 
          2)Requires databases comply with federal requirements regarding  
            the privacy and accuracy of information in the database, and  
            other operating principles for maintaining these databases. 


          3)Requires local law enforcement, commencing December 1, 2017,  
            and every December 1st thereafter to submit specified data  
            pertaining to the database to the Department of Justice, and  
            would require the Department of Justice, commencing January 1,  
            2018, and every January 1st thereafter, to submit a report  
            containing that information to the CalGang Executive Board and  
            to the Legislature. 












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          4)Requires that a person designated as a suspected gang member,  
            associate, or affiliate in a shared gang database who has not  
            been convicted of a violation of gang-related crimes, as  
            specified, within three years of the initial designation be  
            removed from the database.


          5)Establishes a procedure for a person designated in a shared  
            gang database to challenge that designation through an  
            administrative hearing and appeal to the superior court as  
            follows:  


             a)   Provides that a person who is listed by a law  
               enforcement agency in a shared gang database as a gang  
               member, suspected gang member, associate, or affiliate may  
               contest that designation pursuant to this section. The  
               person may contest the designation initially pursuant to  
               this section or a denial as specified. 
             b)   States that the person may request an administrative  
               hearing to review the designation decision. 


             c)   Provides that an administrative hearing shall be held  
               within 90 calendar days following the receipt of a request  
               for an administrative hearing. The person requesting the  
               hearing may request one continuance, not to exceed 21  
               calendar days.


             d)   States that the administrative hearing shall be  
               conducted in accordance with written procedures established  
               by the agency. The hearing shall provide an independent,  
               objective, fair, and impartial review of a contested  
               designation.


             e)   Provides that the agency shall appoint or contract with  











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               qualified examiners or administrative hearing providers  
               that employ qualified examiners to conduct the  
               administrative hearings. Examiners shall demonstrate those  
               qualifications, training, and objectivity necessary to  
               conduct a fair and impartial review. 


             f)   States that the examiner's decision following the  
               administrative hearing may be personally delivered to the  
               person by the examiner or sent by first-class mail, and, if  
               the designation is not canceled, shall include a written  
               reason for that denial.


             g)   Provides that within 30 calendar days after the mailing  
               or personal delivery of the examiner's decision, the person  
               may seek review by filing an appeal to be heard by the  
               superior court where the appeal shall be heard de novo. A  
               copy of the notice of appeal shall be served in person or  
               by first-class mail upon the agency by the person. 


             h)   Provides that the law enforcement agency has the burden  
               of demonstrating active gang membership, associate status,  
               or affiliate status to the court by clear and convincing  
               evidence.


             i)   States that a successful challenge to the designation  
               shall result in the removal of the person from the shared  
               gang database.


          EXISTING LAW:  


          1)Defines a "criminal street gang" as any ongoing organization,  
            association, or group of three or more persons . . . having as  
            one of its primary activities the commission of one or more  











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            enumerated offenses, having a common name or identifying sign  
            or symbol, and whose members individually or collectively  
            engage in a pattern of criminal gang activity.  (Pen. Code, §  
            186.22, subd. (f).)

          2)Provides that any person who actively participates in a  
            criminal street gang with knowledge that its members engage in  
            or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity and who  
            promotes, furthers, or assists in any felonious conduct by  
            members of the gang is guilty of an alternate  
            felony-misdemeanor.  (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (a).)

          3)Provides that any person who is convicted of a felony  
            committed for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in  
            association with any criminal street gang, with the specific  
            intent to promote, further, or assist in criminal conduct by  
            gang members, shall receive a sentence enhancement, as  
            specified.  (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (b).)

          4)Provides that any person who is convicted of either a felony  
            or misdemeanor that is committed for the benefit of, at the  
            direction of, or in association with any criminal street gang,  
            with the specific intent to promote, further, or assist in any  
            criminal conduct by gang members, shall be punished by  
            imprisonment in the county jail for up to one year or by 1, 2,  
            or 3 years in state prison.  (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (d).)

          5)Defines "pattern of criminal gang activity" as the commission  
            of two or more of enumerated offenses, provided at least one  
            of the offenses occurred after the effective date of the  
            statute and the last of the offenses occurred within three  
            years after a prior offense, and the offenses were committed  
            on separate occasions, or by two or more persons.  (Pen. Code,  
            § 186.22, subd. (e).)

          6)Requires any person who is convicted in criminal court or who  
            has a petition sustained in a juvenile court of one of the  
            specified criminal street gang offenses or enhancements to  
            register with the local Police Chief or Sheriff within 10 days  











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            of release from custody or within 10 days of his or her  
            arrival in any city, county, or city and county to reside  
            there, whichever is first.  (Pen. Code, § 186.30, subds. (a) &  
            (b).)

          7)Provides that when a minor has been tried as an adult and  
            convicted in a criminal court or has had a petition sustained  
            in a juvenile court for any of the specified criminal street  
            gang offenses or enhancements, a law enforcement agency shall  
            notify the minor and his or her parent that the minor belongs  
            to a gang whose members engage in or have engaged in a pattern  
            of criminal activity as described.  (Pen. Code, § 186.32  
            (a)(1)(B).)

          8)Requires the court, at the time of sentencing in adult court  
            or dispositional hearing in juvenile court, to inform any  
            person subject to registration detailed above of his or her  
            duty to register and requires that the parole or probation  
            officer assigned to that person to verify that the person has  
            complied with the registration requirements.  (Pen. Code, §  
            186.31.)

          9)Requires local law enforcement to notify a minor and his or  
            her parent or guardian before designating that minor as a gang  
            member, associate, or affiliate in a shared gang database and  
            the basis for the designation.  (Pen. Code § 186.34.)  


          FISCAL EFFECT:  Unknown


          COMMENTS: 


          1)Author's Statement:  According to the author, "In 2013 SB 458  
            (Wright), which required youth under 18 and their parent or  
            guardian had the right to be notified if they were added to a  
            gang file and to challenge their designation, was signed into  
            law.  In just two years since the passing of SB 458, the  











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            number of people on the CalGang Database has dropped from  
            nearly 202,000 to approximately 150,000. 


            "As an indication of how powerful transparency is in achieving  
            fair and accurate implementation AB 2298 continues the work of  
            SB 458 by 1) Extending to adults the current requirement that  
            youth under 18 be given notice as well as an opportunity to  
            contest inclusion in a shared gang database; 2) Removing  
            individuals from the gang database after three years without a  
            convicted violation of California's Street Terrorism  
            Enforcement and Prevention Act; and 3) Requiring that the  
            California Department of Justice (DOJ) provide an annual  
            report on gang databases.


            "Most important, for youth and young adults that police  
            suspect of gang membership or association, they and their  
            families should be both notified and flooded with intervention  
            resources and other supports.  Instead, the continued secrecy  
            of CalGang and the increased surveillance and police contact  
            it triggers, actually eliminate a vital and early opportunity  
            to prevent victimization, injury, incarceration and death.  In  
            fact, CalGang and similar efforts exclude people and their  
            families from the community when they most need that  
            connection and support."


          2)General Effects of this Bill are to Include Due Process Rights  
            for those Designated:  In general this bill will do the  
            following things as applied to persons who are being added to  
            a CalGang database:  

             a)   Notice:  This bill expands the notice requirement given  
               to minors to include adults, by requiring notice be  
               provided to an adult before designating a person as a  
               suspected gang member, associate, or affiliate in the  
               database. 












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             b)   Compliance with Federal Standards:  The legislation  
               requires databases comply with federal requirements  
               regarding the privacy and accuracy of information in the  
               database, and other operating principles for maintaining  
               these databases. 

             c)   Reporting Requirements:  This bill requires local law  
               enforcement, commencing December 1, 2017, and every  
               December 1st thereafter to submit specified data pertaining  
               to the database to the Department of Justice, and would  
               require the Department of Justice, commencing January 1,  
               2018, and every January 1st thereafter, to submit a report  
               containing that information to the CalGang Executive Board  
               and to the Legislature. 

             d)   Requires a Gang Crime Violation:  This legislation  
               provides that a person designated as a suspected gang  
               member, associate, or affiliate in a shared gang database  
               who has not been convicted of a violation of gang-related  
               crimes, as specified, within 3 years of the initial  
               designation be removed from the database.

             e)   Mandates Basic Due Process:  The bill establishes a  
               procedure for a person designated in a shared gang database  
               to challenge that designation through an administrative  
               hearing and appeal to the superior court.  

          3)History of Shared Gang Databases:  In 1987, the Los Angeles  
            County Sheriff's Department developed the Gang Reporting,  
            Evaluation and Tracking System (GREAT), the nation's first  
            gang database.  "Before GREAT existed, police departments  
            collected information on gang members in locally maintained  
            files, but could not access information that had been  
            collected by other law enforcement agencies."  (Stacey Leyton,  
            The New Blacklists: The Threat to Civil Liberties Posed by  
            Gang Databases (a chapter in Crime Control and Social Justice:  
            The Delicate Balance, edited by Darnell F. Hawkins, Samuel L.  
            Myers Jr. and Randolph N. Stone, Westport, CT, 2003.  The  
            African American Experience, Greenwood Publishing Group, Mar.  











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            27, 2013.<1>   Using GREAT, local law enforcement could  
            collect, store, centralize, analyze, and disperse information  
            about alleged gang members.

            In 1988, the Legislature passed the Street Terrorism  
            Enforcement and Prevention (STEP) Act, asserting California to  
            be "in a state of crisis? caused by violent street gangs whose  
            members threaten, terrorize and commit a multitude of crimes  
            against the peaceful citizens of their neighborhoods."  (Pen.  
            Code, § 186.21 (1988).)  The STEP Act established the nation's  
            first definitions of "criminal street gang," "pattern of  
            criminal gang activity," and codified penalties for  
            participation in a criminal street gang.


            In 1997, less than a decade after the regional GREAT database  
            was first created, the regional GREAT databases were  
            integrated into a new unified statewide database, CalGang,  
            with the goals of making the database easier to use and less  
            expensive to access.<2>  CalGang operates pursuant to the 1968  
            Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, which requires  
            that "all criminal intelligence systems ? are utilized in  
            conformance with the privacy and constitutional rights of  
            --------------------------


          <1>  
          <  http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=GM0790E&chapt 
          erID=GM0790E-643&path=chunkbook  >, citing GREAT System Overview,  
          The Eighth Annual Organized Crime and Criminal Intelligence  
          Training Conference, August 23-26, 1994.)  
          <2> (Leyton, supra, at 113, citing Patrick Thibodeau, Cops Wield  
          Database in War on Street Gangs, Computerworld, Sept. 1, 1997,  
          at 4; and Ray Dassault, GangNet: A New Tool in the War on Gangs,  
          California Computer News, January 1997  
          <  http://www.govtech.com/magazines/gt/GangNet-A-New-Tool-in-the.ht 
          ml?page=3  >.)  













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            individuals."<3>  


          4)Required Parental Notification of a Minor's Duty to Register  
            as a Gang Member:  Prior to 2013, if a minor is convicted when  
            tried as an adult, or had a petition sustained in a juvenile  
            court, his or her parent or guardian was required to be  
            notified of a requirement to register with a local sheriff's  
            office upon release from custody or moving to a new city or  
            county.  (Pen. Code, § 186.32, subd. (a)(1)(B).)  Parents were  
            notified when a minor was designated in the CalGang database  
            as a suspected gang member, associate, or affiliate.    
            Although a conviction or declaration of wardship was not  
            required for a minor to be placed in the CalGang database,  
            serious consequences to the minor could flow from that action.
            
            AB 458 (Wright), Chapter 797, Statutes of 2013 required a  
            local law enforcement agency to notify any person under 18  
            years of age and his or her parent or guardian of the minor's  
            designation in a shared gang database and the basis for the  
            designation before the minor was designated as a suspected  
            gang member, associate or affiliate in a shared gang database,  
            regardless of conviction status.

          5)Application of Shared Gang Databases:  Today, the CalGang  
            system is accessed by over 6,000 law enforcement officers in  
            58 counties.  The database tracks 200 data fields including  
            name, address, physical information, social security number,  
            and racial makeup and records all encounters police have with  
            the individual.  (Leyton, supra, at 113.)  CalGang is a  
            web-based intranet system accessible by police departments by  
            way of computer, telephone, and web browser that allows law  
            enforcement to check an individual's record in real time.   
            (Ibid.)  For example, qualified law enforcement personnel may  
          ---------------------------
          <3> (Criminal Intelligence Systems, Operating Policies, 28 CFR  
          Part 23,  
          <  http://www.iir.com/28CFR_Program/28CFR_Resources/ExecOrder12291_ 
          28CFRPart23.pdf/  >.)










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            sign on to the CalGang database from a laptop in their patrol  
            car and locate a source document regarding a specific  
            individual about whom law enforcement seeks information.

            Concerns have been raised regarding the secrecy of the CalGang  
            database and the accuracy of records entered into CalGang.   
            For example, in 1999, then-Attorney General Bill Lockyer  
            described the database as "mix[ing] verified criminal history  
            and gang affiliations with unverified intelligence and hearsay  
            evidence, including reports on persons who have committed no  
            crime."  "This database," he went on "cannot and should not be  
            used, in California or elsewhere, to decide whether or not a  
            person is dangerous or should be detained."  (Ibid.)   
            Moreover, with 201,094 people currently listed on CalGang,  
            community groups have expressed concern about transparency,  
            accountability, notification, release of information to policy  
            makers and the public, and independent evaluations regarding  
            the effectiveness of such shared databases in reducing  
            crime.<4>  


            Youth Justice Coalition states that CalGang "dramatically  
            expands the criminalization of individuals and communities"  
            noting that the database is used routinely to determine who  
            should be served with civil gang injunctions, given gang  
            enhancements during sentencing and targeted for saturation  
            policing.  With no notification system, community members say,  
            CalGang has become a "secret surveillance tool," for  
            monitoring children.  This system dramatically impacts the way  
            those children are seen and treated by law enforcement without  
            notifying families who may wish to intervene, move to a new  
            neighborhood or place their child into an intervention  
            program.  (Id.)  Although the exact number of minors  
            designated is unknown, approximately 10% of those listed on  
            --------------------------


          <4> (See Ana Muniz and Kim McGill, Tracked and Trapped: Youth of  
          Color, Gang Databases and Gang Injunctions, Youth Justice  
          Coalition, Dec. 2012  
          <  http://www.youth4justice.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Trackeda 
          ndTrapped.pdf  >.)  








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            the CalGang database are 19 years of age or younger.  (Id.)


            Law enforcement representatives, however, have emphasized that  
            any records which are not modified by the addition of new  
            criteria for five years will be purged.  Thus, a person need  
            only avoid gang-qualifying criteria for five years to ensure  
            that he or she will be stricken from the database.


            However, as a practical matter, it may be difficult for a  
            minor, or a young-adult, living in a gang-heavy community to  
            avoid qualifying criteria when the list of behaviors includes  
            items such as "is in a photograph with known gang members,"  
            "name is on a gang document, hit list or gang-related  
            graffiti" or "corresponds with known gang members or writes  
            and/or receives correspondence."  In a media-heavy  
            environment, replete with camera phones and social network  
            comments, it may be challenging for a teenager aware of the  
            exact parameters to avoid such criteria, let alone a teenager  
            unaware of he or she is being held to such standards.


          6)Criminal Intelligence Systems:  According to the United States  
            Code of Federal Regulations, title 28, section 23, a Criminal  
            Intelligence System is allowed to collect the names of  
            individuals or organizations not reasonably suspected of  
            involvement in criminal activity, as "noncriminal identifying  
            information" if the information relates to the identification  
            of a criminal subject or criminal activity.  The broad  
            definition of criminal activity allows the database to  
            maintain identifying information of many people, whether or  
            not they have been involved in gang activity.  According to  
            the Criminal Intelligence Systems website, the stated  
            qualifications limit inclusion to "criminal activity that  
            constitutes a significant and recognized threat to the  
            community.  In general, 28 CFR Part 23 views such criminal  
            activity to be multijurisdictional and/or organized criminal  
            activity that involves a significant degree of permanent  











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            criminal organization or is undertaken for the purpose of  
            seeking illegal power or profits or poses a threat to the life  
            and property of citizens.  This would normally not include  
            traffic or other misdemeanor violations."  
            (http://www.iir.com/Home/28CFR_Program/28CFR_FAQ/)


          7)Due Process and the Actions of Law Enforcement Agencies:  Due  
            Process Clauses of the U.S. Constitution serve as protections  
            from arbitrary denials of life, liberty, or property by the  
            government, absent law.  The protections at risk regarding  
            shared gang databases are both procedural and substantive.   
            Procedural due process protects individuals from the coercive  
            power of the government, which is in this case law enforcement  
            agencies, by ensuring there are processes in place that allow  
            a fair and impartial adjudication of issues.  


            Article I of the State Constitution says a person may not be  
            deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of  
            law or be denied equal protection of the laws.  In the 9th  
            Circuit Court of Appeals case, Vasquez v. Rackauckas, the  
                                                                            court stated that this due process clause provides greater  
            procedural due process rights for private parties than does  
            the federal Constitution.  The defendants-appellants had been  
            dismissed from a case to enforce a local gang injunction.  The  
            prosecution proceeded in the case and secured a gang  
            injunction.  When the injunction was being enforced, the  
            police tried to apply the injunction to the two defendants who  
            had been dismissed in the case.  The defendant-appellants  
            appealed the injunction on the basis that they were dismissed  
            from the injunction case and were never afforded a due process  
            hearing regarding the injunction.  The court held that the  
            defendant-appellants were entitled to a due process hearing  
            prior to being subjected to the injunction order.  (Vasquez v.  
            Rackauckas, (2013) 734 F.3d 1025.)


          8)Limited Existing Due Process Procedures: Currently, only  











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            minors and their parent or guardian, are allowed to be  
            notified that the minor is being entered in the system.   
            Adults have been totally omitted from the notification process  
            even though they are affected by being included in the  
            database.  According to the report by the Coalition, these  
            databases can be very harmful to anyone who is categorized as  
            being connected to a gang, even if no such connection ever  
            existed or they were part of a gang 20 years ago.  There is no  
            way today for an adult to find out if they have been "tagged"  
            as a gang member by law enforcement and entered into this  
            system.  Even if that adult could discover that he or she were  
            included in the database, there is no way today to challenge  
            that inclusion.  Finding out that you are in the system during  
            contact with police or when you are applying for college,  
            places the individual in an unfair position and there are not  
            many opportunities for a person to refute the designation.   
            Furthermore, there must also be a process for having a  
            person's name removed from the system if the individual is not  
            connected with a gang.  What happens to a person who has a  
            family member or relative who is associated with a gang?  Is  
            that innocent person also entered into the database because  
            they qualify as an associate or an affiliate?  Suppression of  
            criminal activity is the job of law enforcement and there are  
            many tools that they use to perform their jobs.  However, the  
            use of these shared databases has to be reviewed to ensure  
            that their use doesn't destroy the constitutional rights of  
            those who have been entered. 


          9)Argument in Support:  According to the American Civil  
            Liberties Union, "AB 2298 would provide due process  
            protections for people designated as gang members by law  
            enforcement agencies, and require that data on the  
            demographics of people in gang databases be annually  
            published.


            "Since the early 1980s, law enforcement agencies throughout  
            California have designated people as gang members for  











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            inclusion in gang databases that are not accurate, consistent  
            or transparent.  Most people are added to gang databases  
            without being arrested or accused of a crime.  Until the  
            recent passage of Senate Bill 458, no person labeled as a gang  
            member had a legal right to be notified or an opportunity to  
            appeal their designation.  Under SB 458, only youth under the  
            age of 18 have those rights.  AB 2298 would extend this notice  
            requirement to adults.


            "Nearly 20% of the people on the CalGang Database are  
            African-American and 66% are Latino.  Since only 6.6% of  
            Californians are African-Americans, and just 38.1% are Latino,  
            this represents an alarming racial disparity.  Databases are  
            often used to add people to gang injunctions, support  
            sentencing enhancements, and to deny people access to victims'  
            compensation.  An individual's gang designation can also be  
            accessed by federal law enforcement agencies, such as the FBI  
            and ICE, and result in negative immigration consequences.


            "AB 2298 will help resolve these problems by, among other  
            things, creating a process that allows people who are not gang  
            members to be removed from gang databases, ensuring that  
            people designated as gang members are notified, and by  
            requiring that data on the demographics of people added to and  
            removed from gang databases be annually published."


          10)Argument in Opposition:  According to According to the  
            California State Sheriffs' Association, "AB 2298 would require  
            law enforcement agencies to notify active participants of  
            criminal street gangs that they are subject to an  
            investigation.  


            "In 2013, CSSA negotiated amendments to SB 458 (Wright), which  
            provided for parental notification when a minor was entered  
            into a shared criminal gang database.  The idea was that  











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            parents could intervene in unknown activity by their children.  
             AB 2298 undoes the agreement reached in SB 458 and goes far  
            beyond providing for parental notification by requiring  
            notification to adult gang members of their entry into a  
            shared criminal gang database.  In addition, this measure  
            would allow for active adult participants of a criminal street  
            gang to contest their entry into the database and request a  
            formal hearing to remove that designation from a shared  
            criminal database.  


            "This measure undermines public safety by informing gang  
            members that they are subject to investigations.  In addition,  
            this measure creates unfunded costs by requiring  
            administrative hearings to adjudicate determinations of gang  
            affiliation."  


          11)Related Legislation:  AB 829 (Nazarian), would have outlined  
            procedural due process rights for persons designated for  
            inclusion in a shared gang database.  AB 829 passed this  
            committee and failed passage in the Assembly Judiciary  
            Committee.  


          12)Prior Legislation:


             a)   SB 458 (Wright), Chapter 797, Statutes of 2013, required  
               local law enforcement to notify a minor and his or her  
               parent or guardian before designating that minor as a gang  
               member, associate, or affiliate in a shared gang database  
               and the basis for the designation.  

             b)   AB 177 (Mendoza), Chapter 258, Statutes of 2011,  
               expanded the authority of the juvenile court to order the  
               parent or guardian of a minor to attend anti-gang violence  
               parenting classes.












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             c)   SB 296 (Wright), of the 2011-12 Legislative Session,  
               would have created a process whereby a person subject to a  
               gang injunction could petition for injunctive relief if the  
               person met certain criteria.  SB 296 was vetoed by the  
               Governor.

             d)   AB 1392 (Tran), of the 2009-10 Legislative Session,  
               would have established the Graffiti and Gang Technology  
               Fund, in which vandalism fines were to be deposited, to be  
               continuously appropriated to the Department of Justice  
               exclusively for the costs of technological advancements for  
               law enforcement in the identification and apprehension of  
               vandals and gang members, as specified.  AB 1392 was held  
               on the suspense file of the Assembly Committee on  
               Appropriations.

             e)   AB 1291 (Mendoza), Chapter 457, Statutes of 2007,  
               authorized anti-gang violence classes for parents of  
               juveniles found in violation of specified gang-related  
               offenses.

             f)   AB 1630 (Runner), of the 2007-08 Legislative Session,  
               would have required those who are convicted of a street  
               gang crime and to annually register and re-register upon  
               changing his or her residence.  AB 1630 failed passage in  
               this committee.

             g)   AB 2562 (Fuller), of the 2007-08 Legislative Session,  
               would have increased the penalty from a misdemeanor to a  
               felony punishable by 16 months or two or three years in the  
               state prison for failing to register as a member of a  
               criminal street gang under specified circumstances.  AB  
               2562 failed passage in this committee.



          REGISTERED SUPPORT / OPPOSITION:













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          Support


          All of Us or None 


          Alliance for Boys and Men of Color 


          American Civil Liberties Union 


          Arts for Incarcerated Youth Network


          Asian Americans Advancing Justice  


          Bay Area Youth Summit 


          Boston Area Youth Organizing Project


          California Attorneys for Criminal Justice 


          California Immigrant Policy Center 


          California Public Defenders Association 


          Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles 


          Community Asset Development Redefining Education 











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          Critical Resistance 


          Community Coalition  


          Dream Team Los Angeles 


          Drug Policy Alliance 


          Ella Baker Center for Human Rights 


          Fair Chance 


          House Keys not Handcuffs 


          Immigrant Youth Coalition 


          Injustice Not Jails Immigrant Youth Coalition 


          Inland Empire Immigrant Youth Coalition 


          Khmer Girls in Action 


          Life After Uncivil ruthless Acts 


          Los Angeles Brown Berets











                                                                    AB 2298


                                                                     Page S




          Los Angeles Center for Law and Justice 


          Motivating Individual Leadership for Public Advancement 


          National Association of Social Workers 


          National Center for Youth Law 


          National Immigration Law Center 


          National Juvenile Justice Network


          New PATH 


          New Way of Life Re-Entry Project 


          Orange County Immigrant Youth United 


          PICO of California 


          Policy Link 


          Public Counsel


          Services, Immigrant Rights, and Education Network











                                                                    AB 2298


                                                                     Page T




          Southeast Asia Resource Action Center 


          Southwestern Law School's Immigration Law Clinic 


          TRUST South LA


          UC Irvine, Immigrants Rights Clinic  


          Urban Peace Institute   


          Violence Prevention Coalition 


          W. Haywood Burns Institute


          Women's Foundation of California 


          Youth Justice Alliance  


          Youth Justice Coalition 





          1 private individual 














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                                                                     Page U



          Opposition


          Association for Los Angeles Deputy Sheriffs 


          Association of Deputy District Attorneys 


          California Association of Code Enforcement Officers 


          California College and University Police Chiefs Association 


          California District Attorneys Association 


          California Narcotic Officers Association 


          California Police Chiefs Association 


          California State Sheriffs' Association


          Los Angeles County Professional Peace Officers Association  


          Los Angeles Police Protective League 


          Riverside Sheriffs Association 
            
          Analysis Prepared  
          by:              Gabriel Caswell / PUB. S. / (916) 319-3744












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