BILL ANALYSIS                                                                                                                                                                                                    Ó






                                                                    AB 2817


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          Date of Hearing:  May 9, 2016





                     ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE ON REVENUE AND TAXATION


                           Sebastian Ridley-Thomas, Chair



          AB 2817  
          (Chiu) - As Amended March 17, 2016


          Majority vote.  Fiscal committee. Tax levy.  


          SUBJECT:  Taxes:  credits:  low-income housing:  allocation  
          increase


          SUMMARY:  Modifies the existing Low-Income Housing Tax Credit  
          (LIHTC) program and increases the aggregate credit amount that  
          may be annually allocated to low-income housing projects by $300  
          million for the 2017 calendar year and each calendar year  
          thereafter.  Specifically, this bill:  


          1)Beginning in 2017 and each year thereafter, increases the  
            amount of state LIHTC by an additional $300 million, as  
            adjusted for inflation beginning in 2018.


          2)Increases the amount that may be allocated to farmworker  
            housing projects, as specified, from $500,000 to $25 million  
            per calendar year.  The amount of any unallocated or returned  











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            credits, however, must be added to the aggregate amount of  
            LIHT credits available to other non-farmworker qualified  
            projects. 


          3)Provides that a low-income housing building that has received  
            an award of 9% federal LIHTC is not eligible for an allocation  
            from the additional $300 million of state LIHTC, but shall  
            remain eligible for the existing $70 million allocation, as  
            annually adjusted.    


          4)Modifies the allocation of state LIHTC that may be awarded to  
            a federally subsidized low-income housing project receiving  
            federal 4% LIHTC as follows:


             a)   A new qualified low-income housing building is eligible  
               for a cumulative state LIHTC over four years of 50% of the  
               qualified basis of the building, provided that the building  
               is not located in a Difficult to Develop Area (DDA) or a  
               Qualified Census Tract (QCT).


             b)   An existing qualified low-income housing building that  
               is not located in a DDA or a QCT is eligible for a  
               cumulative state LIHTC over four years of 13% of the  
               qualified basis of the building.    


             c)   A new or existing low-income housing building that is  
               located in a DDA or QCT may be awarded a cumulative state  
               LIHTC in an amount not to exceed 50% of the qualified basis  
               of the building, provided that the federal LIHTC is  
               replaced with state LIHTC, as specified. 


             d)   A qualified low-income building is eligible for a  
               cumulative state LIHTC of 95% of the qualified basis over  











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               four years if it meets all of the following requirement:


               i)     It is at least 15 years old;


               ii)    It is serving households of very low-income or  
                 extremely low-income residents, provided that the average  
                 income at the time of admission is no more than 45% of  
                 the area median gross income adjusted for household size  
                 and a tax credit regulatory agreement is entered into a  
                 for a period of not less than 55 year, as specified; 


               iii)   It would, otherwise, receive insufficient state  
                 credits due to the building's low appraised value, to  
                 complete substantial rehabilitation; and,


               iv)    It will complete the substantial rehabilitation in  
                 connection with the LIHTC allocation. 


          5)Revises the definition of a "taxpayer" for purposes of the  
            state LIHTC program to include members of a limited liability  
            company.


          6)Revises the definition of a "housing sponsor" for purposes of  
            the LIHTC program to include a limited liability company. 


          7)Adds the following definitions:


             a)   "Extremely low-income" has the same meaning as this  
               phrase is defined in Health and Safety Code (H&SC) Section  
               50053; and,












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             b)   "Very low-income" has the same meaning as this phrase is  
               defined in H&SC Section 50053.   


          1)Makes technical, non-substantive changes to the provisions of  
            the LITHC program. 


          2)Takes effect immediately as a tax levy. 


          EXISTING LAW: 


          1)Allows a state tax credit for costs related to construction,  
            rehabilitation, or acquisition of low-income housing.  This  
            credit, which mirrors a federal LIHTC, may be used by  
            taxpayers to offset the tax under the Personal Income Tax  
            (PIT), the Corporation Tax (CT), and the Insurance Tax (IT)  
            laws. 

          2)Requires the California Tax Credit Allocation Committee (TCAC)  
            to allocate each year the California LIHTC based upon  
            qualification of the applicant and proposed project.  The  
            California LIHTC is available only to projects that received  
            an allocation of the federal LIHTC.  

          3)Limits the annual aggregate amount of the state LIHTC to $70  
            million, as adjusted for an increase in the California  
            consumer price index from 2002, plus any unused LIHTC for the  
            preceding calendar year and any LIHTC returned in the calendar  
            year.  The California LIHTC awarded may be claimed as a credit  
            against tax over a four-year period.


          4)Requires TCAC to certify the amount of tax credit amount  
            allocated.  In the case of a partnership or an S Corporation,  











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            a copy of the certificate is provided to each taxpayer.  The  
            taxpayer is required, upon request, to provide a copy of the  
            certificate to the Franchise Tax Board (FTB).





          5)Allows any unused credit to be carried forward until the  
            credit is exhausted.



          6)Allows TCAC to award state LIHTCs to developments in a QCT or  
            a DDA, if the project is also receiving federal LIHTC, under  
            the following conditions: 

             a)   The amount of state credit is computed on 100% of the  
               qualified basis of the building; or,

             b)   If the usage of at least 50% of the units in a  
               low-income housing building is restricted to special needs  
               households, the amount of an allowable state LIHTC may not  
               exceed 30% of the eligible basis of the building. 

          1)Allows TCAC to replace federal LIHTC with state LIHTC of up to  
            30% of a project's eligible basis of a building, if the  
            federal LIHTC is reduced in an equivalent amount. 

          2)Defines a "QTC" as any census tract designated by the federal  
            Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in which  
            either 50% or more of the households have an income that is  
            less than 60% of the area median gross income or that has a  
            poverty rate of at least 25%.

          3)Defines a "DDA" as an area designated by HUD on an annual  
            basis that has high construction, land, and utility costs  
            relative to area median gross income.












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          4)Provides that a low-income housing development that is a new  
            building and is receiving 9% federal LIHTC credits is eligible  
            to receive state LIHTC over four years of 30% of the qualified  
            basis of the building. 

          5)Provides that a low-income housing development that is a new  
            building receiving federal LIHTC that is "at risk of  
            conversion" is eligible to receive state LIHTC over four years  
            of 13% of the qualified basis of the building. 

          6)Defines "at risk of conversion" as a property that satisfies  
            all of the following criteria:

             a)   A multifamily rental housing development in which at  
               least 50% of the units receive government assistance  
               pursuant to any of the following:
             b)   Project based Section 8 vouchers;


             c)   Below-Market-Interest-Rate Program;


             d)   Federal Rental Housing Assistance Program; 


             e)   Programs for rent supplement assistance pursuant to  
               Section 101 of the Housing and Urban Development Act of  
               1965;


             f)   Programs pursuant to Section 515 of the Housing Act of  
               1949; and,


             g)   Federal LIHTC.    


          FISCAL EFFECT:  The Franchise Tax Board (FTB) staff estimates  
          that this bill would result in an annual revenue loss of $190  











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          million in the fiscal year (FY) 2015-16, $180 million in FY  
          2016-17, and $180 million in FY 2017-18.  


          COMMENTS:  


           1)Author's Statement  .  The author has provided the following  
            statement in support of this bill:

          "California is undergoing a serious housing affordability crisis  
            with a shortfall of over one million affordable homes.  
            According to a 2014 report by the California Housing  
            Partnership Corporation, median rents in California have  
            increased by over 20 percent while the median income has  
            dropped by 8 percent. The private housing market is simply not  
            meeting the demand for low to moderate income homes. The  
            shortage is particularly challenging in the rental market,  
            typically the last resort for lower-income households, many of  
            whom were forced out of single-family homes during the great  
            recession.

            "State and Federal divestment in affordable housing has  
            exacerbated this problem. With the elimination of California's  
            redevelopment agencies and the exhaustion of state housing  
            bonds, California has reduced its funding for the development  
            and preservation of affordable homes by 79 percent -- from  
            approximately $1.7 billion a year to nearly nothing. There is  
            currently no permanent source of funding to compensate for  
            this loss.



            "The housing crisis has contributed to a growing homeless  
            population, increased pressure on local public safety nets, an  
            unstable development and construction marketplace, and the  
            outward migration of thousands of long-time California  
            residents.












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            "The LIHTC program is the only major source of funding  
            available for affordable development in the state, making it  
            competitive and overprescribed. In 2014, only 49 percent of  
            applicants were awarded credits - leaving many qualified  
            projects without a secure source of funding or any incentive  
            to build additional affordable housing units."


           2)Arguments in Support  .   The proponents of this bill  
            state"[s]ince 2008, rents have skyrocketed, while at the same  
            time, state and federal investment in affordable home  
            production dropped 66%," affecting Californians at nearly  
            every income level." They assert that challenges of funding  
            affordable housing development "have increased significantly  
            with the loss of over $1 billion per year of redevelopment  
            housing funds."   The proponents maintain that many affordable  
            housing projects are either greatly delayed or never developed  
            because of the lack of the tax credit allocation. 



          According to proponents, this bill "directly responds to our  
            state's shortfall of over one million affordable homes and the  
            continued dramatic rise in rents at a time when the median  
            income has been falling."  By increasing the annual state tax  
            credit allocation amounts to $300 million, this bill will  
            allow California to leverage "an additional $600 million in  
            federal housing resources that would otherwise go unclaimed by  
            our state."  In total, "the investment of state funds will  
            allow [the State] to access $200 million in federal 4% credits  
            and at least another $400 million federal tax-exempt bond  
            authority."  The proponents argue that this bill "will result  
            in the development of additional and much needed affordable  
            housing across the state" and will also "contribute to state  
            and local tax revenues through economic activity and jobs."











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           3)Federal LIHTC Program:  Background  .  The LIHTC is an indirect  
            federal subsidy developed in 1986 to incentivize the private  
            development of affordable rental housing for low-income  
            households.  As explained by the TCAC, the federal LIHTC  
            program replaced traditional housing tax incentives, such as  
            accelerated depreciation, with a tax credit that enables  
            low-income housing sponsors and developers to raise project  
            equity through the allocation of tax benefits to investors.   
            Two types of federal tax credits are available:  the 9% and 4%  
            credits.  These terms refer to the approximate percentage of a  
            project's "qualified basis" a taxpayer may deduct from his/her  
            annual federal tax liability in each of 10 years.  For  
            projects that are not financed with a federal subsidy, the  
            applicable rate is 9%.  For projects that are federally  
            subsidized (including projects financed more than 50% with  
            tax-exempt bonds), the applicable rate is 4%.  Although the  
            credits are known as the "9% and 4% credits", the actual tax  
            rates fluctuate every month, based on the determination made  
            by the Internal Revenue Service on a monthly basis.   
            Nonetheless, Congress has established the minimum applicable  
            percentage of 9% for allocations made for non-federally  
            subsidized new buildings before January 1, 2015.  

          Each year, the Federal Government allocates funding to the  
            states for LIHTCs on the basis of a per-resident formula.   
            State or local housing authorities review proposals submitted  
            by developers and select projects based on a variety of  
            prescribed criteria.  Only rental housing buildings, which are  
            either undergoing rehabilitation or newly constructed, are  
            eligible for the LIHTC programs.  In addition, the qualified  
            low-income housing projects must comply with both rent and  
            income restrictions.  Rents on tax credit units cannot exceed  
            30% of an imputed income based on 1.5 persons per bedroom.   
            Furthermore, the initial incomes of households in those units  
            may not exceed either 60% or 50% of the area median income,  
            adjusted for household size.  A project developer or sponsor  
            who applies for the tax credit allocation must also elect to  
            set aside a minimum of either 40% of the units to be occupied  
            by households with incomes of 60% or less of the area median  











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            gross income or 20% of the units to household with incomes of  
            50% or less of the area median gross income.  Finally, credit  
            projects must remain affordable for at least 30 years.   
            However, in California, project developers or housing sponsors  
            must agree to a minimum of 55 years rent and income  
            restrictions.  

            Federal law specifies that each state must designate a  
            "housing credit agency" to administer the federal LIHTC  
            program.  In California, responsibility for administering the  
            federal program is assigned to the California TCAC.  

              a)   The 9% credit:  projects not financed with a federal  
               subsidy  .  In 2014, the amount of the 9% LIHTC credit  
               allocated by the Federal Government to each state was based  
               on $2.30 per capita.  In addition, states annually qualify  
               for a pro rata share of credits in a national pool of  
               unused credits.  From the total amount of federal LIHTC  
               available to California calendar year, the TCAC allocates  
               this credit to housing sponsors of qualified projects based  
               on the estimated amount of eligible costs, as defined in  
               Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 42, minus  
               non-depreciable costs (such as land, permanent financing  
               costs, rent reserves and marketing expenses).  The amount  
               of the credit is calculated by multiplying this "eligible  
               basis" of the project by the "applicable fraction"<1> and  
               then by the LIHTC 9% rate (in reality, that rate fluctuates  
               monthly and currently is set at 7.70%).  If the development  
               is located in the HUD-designated DDA or QCT, the  
               development's "eligible basis" receives a 30% increase or  
               "basis boost." This "boost" allows qualified low-income  
               housing projects to receive a credit equal to 130% of its  
               "eligible basis."  The 9% credit is awarded on a  
               competitive basis so that only those projects that meet the  
               highest housing priorities and public policy objectives, as  
             --------------------------
          <1> The "applicable fraction" is defined as the smaller of:  (1)  
          the percentage of low-income units to total units, or (2) the  
          percentage of square footage of the low-income units to the  
          square footage of the total units.  










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               determined by the TCAC, have access to this credit.  

              b)   The 4% credit:  federally subsidized projects  .  Unlike  
               the 9% credit, the amount of 4% credit allocated to states  
               is not limited on a per capita basis.  In order to access  
               the 4% credit, a developer must first obtain an allocation  
               of tax-exempt private activity mortgage revenue bonds,  
               which are allocated to states on a per capita basis.  The  
               amount of the 4% credit is calculated in the same manner as  
               the 9% credit, but an "eligible basis" is multiplied by the  
               federal 4% tax credit.  The actual rate also fluctuates and  
               currently TCAC uses 3.36% to determine a project's initial  
               tax credit reservation. 

             Tax-exempts bonds are debt obligations issued by state or  
               local government agencies for multi-family rental housing,  
               infrastructure improvements and other qualified municipal  
               endeavors having a public purpose.  Federal tax law  
               provides that interest on any obligation issued by, or on  
               behalf of, any state or political subdivision is excluded  
               from gross income [IRC Section 103(a)].  Federal tax law  
               limits this exemption in the case of private activity bonds  
               [IRC Section 103(b)], but allows certain facilities to be  
               financed with tax-exempt bonds.  Qualified private activity  
               bonds are issued by government agencies on behalf of  
               private businesses and may be issued for various purposes,  
               including low-income, multi-family housing.  Unlike typical  
               municipal bonds, the payment of principal and interest on  
               private activity bonds is not the responsibility of the  
               issuing government agency.  Instead, the payment is the  
               responsibility of the private business receiving the  
               proceeds.  The interest rate on tax-exempt bonds is lower  
               than conventional bank financing, and these savings can  
               promote housing affordability.  These bonds assist  
               developers of multifamily rental housing units to acquire  
               land and construct new units or purchase and rehabilitate  
               existing units.  The developers, in turn, produce market  
               rate and affordable rental housing for low- and very  
               low-income households by reducing rental rates to these  











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               individuals and families.  Projects that receive an award  
               of bond authority have the right to apply for  
               non-competitive 4% LIHTC allocations.  

             Federal law imposes a limit on how much private activity  
               bonds can be issued in a state each year.  Agencies and  
               organizations authorized to issue tax-exempt private  
               activity bonds or mortgage credit certificates must receive  
               an allocation from the California Debt Limit Allocation  
               Committee (CDLAC).   The limit is determined by a state's  
               population, multiplied by a specified dollar amount.  Out  
               of the 2015 state debt ceiling of over $3.8 billion,  
               multifamily housing reservations account for $1.25 billion.  
                

             In 2014, California developers, according to the California  
               Housing Partnership, used $80.5 million in annual federal  
               4% credits, which is a significantly lower amount  in  
               comparison to prior years when the redevelopment and  
               Proposition 1C funding was still available. 

           4)State LIHTC Program  .  In 1987, the Legislature authorized a  
            state LIHTC Program to augment the federal tax credit program.  
             State tax credits can only be awarded to projects that have  
            also received, or are concurrently receiving, an allocation of  
            the federal LIHTCs.  The amount of state LIHTC that may be  
            annually allocated by the TCAC is limited to $70 million,  
            adjusted for inflation.  In 2014, the total credit amount  
            available for allocation was $103 million (representing all  
            four years of allocation) plus any unused or returned credit  
            allocations from previous years.  According to the annual  
            report issued by TCAC, the total credit amount available in  
            2015 was $89,452,736, plus $5,529,815 in farmworker state  
            credit available for agricultural worker housing.  The TCAC  
            awarded approximately $123.1 million in state tax credits to  
            47 projects:  thirty-nine 9% projects and eight 4% projects,  
            including one farmworker state credit award of $982,697.   
            Approximately $34 million was committed from 2016 state  
            credit, with $4.5 million in farmworker state credit remaining  











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            available for future project applicants.  These 2015 state  
            credit awards will facilitate developing a total of 2,516  
            affordable housing units.

          Current state tax law generally conforms to federal law with  
            respect to the LIHTC, except that it is limited to projects  
            located in California.  While the state LIHTC program is  
            patterned after the federal LIHTC program, there are several  
            differences.  First, investors may claim the state LIHTC over  
            four years rather than the 10-year federal allocation period.   
                                                                               Second, the rates used to determine the total amount of the  
            state tax credit (representing all four years of allocation)  
            are 30% of the qualified basis of a project that is not  
            federally subsidized and 13% of the qualified basis of a  
            project that is federally subsidized, in contrast to 70% and  
            30% (representing all 10 years of allocation on a  
            present-value basis), respectively, for purposes of the  
            federal LIHTCs.  Furthermore, state tax credits are not  
            available for acquisition costs, except for previously  
            subsidized projects that qualify as "at-risk" of being  
            converted to market rate. 

          TCAC is authorized to replace the federal LIHTC with the state  
            LIHTC of up to 30% of a project's eligible basis if the  
            federal LIHTC is reduced in an equivalent amount.  This  
            provision allows TCAC to increase the number of projects  
            funded with the limited federal credits in a given year.  As  
            discussed, the maximum federal tax credit that can be awarded  
            (the 9% credit) is generally equal to 70% (on a present-value  
            basis) of a taxpayer's qualified basis in the project, spread  
            over a 10-year period.  Thus, a project that receives the  
            maximum in both state and federal credits receives an amount  
            equal to 100% of the taxpayer's qualified basis over a 10-year  
            period.

           5)DDAs and QCTs.   Federal LIHTCs can be used anywhere, but a  
            project is given an additional 30% on its eligible basis (a  
            "basis boost") if the project is located in a DDA or a QCT.   
            These areas, by definition, have a higher poverty level and a  











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            higher concentration of extremely low-income or homeless  
            individuals and families who typically need larger housing  
            subsidies.  Prior to 2014, TCAC was not allowed to award state  
            tax credits for projects located in DDAs and QCTs.  The  
            rationale for this prohibition was that projects in these  
            areas could qualify for more federal tax credits through a  
            basis "boost" and therefore are already advantaged.  State  
            law, however, was recently amended to authorize TCAC, in  
            limited cases, to award state LIHTCs for use in DDAs or QCTs,  
            in addition to the federal credits.  To qualify, a development  
            must restrict at least 50% of the units to special needs  
            households.  Projects that serve special needs populations  
            need larger subsidies in order to offer deeply affordable  
            rents.   
              


           6)The Financing Structure  .  In order to raise funds for  
            construction or rehabilitation of low-income housing  
            buildings, project developers or housing sponsors usually  
            enter into various financing transactions with private  
            entities.  Investment partnerships are a primary source of  
            equity financing for LIHTC projects.  A typical arrangement is  
            to match a corporate tax credit investor with a project  
            developer or sponsor, creating a partnership (such as a  
            general partnership or a LLC) where the investor is allocated  
            the LIHTCs in exchange for cash and the developer acts as a  
            general partner (or managing member).  The money that  
            investors pay for the partnership interest is paid into the  
            LIHTC project as equity financing.  Although investors are  
            buying an interest in a rental housing partnership, this  
            process is commonly referred to as "buying" tax credits  
            because the investors receive tax credits in return for their  
            investment.  According to the TCAC report, partnership equity  
            contributed to the project in exchange for the credit usually  
            finances 30% to 60% of the capital costs of project  
            construction.   

            The financing of a low-income housing building construction or  











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            rehabilitation using the LIHTC thus requires the participation  
            of a private investor (mostly a taxable corporation) that  
            could take advantage of the credits to reduce its income tax  
            liability.   Once the LIHTC project is placed in service, or  
            ready for occupancy, investors can receive their share of the  
            federal and/or state credits each year of the 10-year or  
            4-year credit period, whichever is applicable, and can use the  
            credit to offset federal or state income taxes otherwise owed  
            on their tax returns as long as the project meets the LIHTC  
            requirements. An investor must retain ownership of the  
            property (i.e., remain in the partnership) for at least 15  
            years after the project is placed in service in order to  
            receive the full benefit of the tax credits, or the tax  
            credits will be subject to recapture.  

           7)Deficiency in Current Law  :  According to the California  
            Housing Partnership, California used more of the federal 4%  
            LIHTC than any other state during the early part of the last  
            decade.  However, with the elimination of California's  
            redevelopment agencies and the exhaustion of state housing  
            bond funding, developers of low-income housing have been left  
            with very few resources to leverage the 4% credit.  As a  
            result, the number of newly constructed LIHTC units that have  
            been funded with the 4% credit has plummeted in the last two  
            years, from 4,000 in 2012 to fewer than 2,000 in 2014.   



          Existing state law prescribes two different tax credit rates -  
            30% and 13% - to calculate the amount of the state LIHTC.  The  
            first tax credit is allowed for projects that are not  
            federally subsidized and thus qualify for the higher 9%  
            federal LIHTC.  In contrast, federally subsidized projects  
            that qualify only for the 4% federal LIHTC receive the state  
            LIHTC in the amount equal to 13% of the project's qualified  
            basis.  Furthermore, no state credit may be allocated to a  
            low-income housing project located in a DDA or QCT if the  
            project has received a federal LIHTC calculated on the 130% of  
            eligible basis unless the state LIHTC is computed on a 100% of  











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            the qualified basis or at least 50% of the building's units  
            are restricted to special need occupants.  Thus, existing  
            state law limits the availability of the state LIHTC to  
            projects located outside a DDA or QCT since they do not  
            receive a federal "basis boost" of 30% that is available to  
            projects located in those areas.  However, this bill's  
            proponents argue that developing housing in these areas is  
            inherently more expensive because of a higher concentration of  
            extremely low-income or homeless individuals and families.
           8)What Does This Bill Do  ?  This bill would increase the state  
            LIHTC allocation by $300 million per year, in addition to the  
            existing $70 million cap, as adjusted for inflation.  While  
            increasing the total amount of state LIHTC, this bill proposes  
            to limit the new funding only to projects that qualify for the  
            4% federal LIHTC.  The projects that receive the 9% federal  
            LIHTC would still qualify for the state LIHTC, albeit the  
            annual amount of those state credits would remain at $70  
            million, as adjusted for inflation.  The increase in the  
            amount of state LIHTC would allow the state to leverage an  
            additional $200 million in federal 4% LIHTC and at least $400  
            million in federal tax-exempt bond authority annually.  This  
            additional funding is intended to be used exclusively for the  
            construction, rehabilitation and preservation of affordable  
            rental homes for a broad range of lower income households  
            throughout the state.  The expectation is that an increase in  
            the amount of state LIHTC would help fill the gap in funding  
            that was created by the loss of redevelopment and the  
            exhaustion of state voter-approved bonds.  



          Furthermore, this bill would increase the amount of state tax  
            credits awarded to each qualified low-income housing project  
            from 13% to 50% of the qualified basis, provided the project  
            is also receiving a 4% federal tax credit.  This increase  
            would apply to new construction and rehabilitation costs of  
            the project and would more than triple the amount of equity  
            that an investor in the project would receive, which would  
            bring the return on 4% credits in line with 9% credits and  











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            would likely result in greater affordability for the project.   
            The costs of acquiring an existing low-income building would  
            also be eligible for the state LIHTC allocated from the new  
            additional funding of $300 million, but the applicable  
            percentage used to calculate the amount of that credit would  
            be limited to 13% of the project's qualified basis.  
            In addition, this bill would allow state tax credits to be  
            awarded to qualified projects without regard to DDA or QCT  
            status, with the main purpose of providing enough state tax  
            credits to match the value of a 9% federal tax credit.   
            However, to ensure a level playing field between DDA/QCT areas  
            and non-DDA/QCT areas, this bill would explicitly allow TCAC  
            to adjust the new higher state credit percentage downward for  
            projects in DDAs or QCTs to equalize the value of the state  
            credit available in the different areas. 



            This bill would also significantly increase an amount of state  
            LIHTC - 95% of the qualified basis - that may be awarded to a  
            qualified low-income housing building that houses very  
            low-income or extremely low-income tenants and meets all  
            specified requirements, including the building's location,  
            age, and value. 
            Finally, this bill proposes to increase the amount of the  
            LIHTC allocation for farmworker housing.  Existing law  
            provides for a $500,000 set-aside of LIHTC for farmworker  
            housing development serving farmworkers and their families.   
            This bill would increase this amount to $25 million and would  
            require any unused credits from this set-aside to go to  
            qualified non-farmworker housing projects that do not receive  
            funding under the main program.


           9)A Different Kind of Credit  ?  The LIHTC program induces  
            investment into low-income housing by sanctioning a tax  
            shelter structure that helps compensate private investors for  
            allocating capital to an asset class with a relatively poor  
            rate of return.  Low-income housing projects face many  











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            barriers in California:  the high cost of land, labor, and  
            capitol, as well as state laws and policies protecting the  
            environment, among others.  In return for providing the LIHTC,  
            the state arguably gets more affordable housing.  

          This program is much different from other tax credits.  In  
            contrast to many tax incentives in California, the LIHTC is  
            targeted; capped at $70 million, as adjusted for inflation,  
            per calendar year; and allocated to taxpayers by the TCAC  
            mostly on a competitive basis.  The TCAC evaluates the  
            applications and allocates the available funds to those  
            investors/developers who promise to produce the most housing  
            for the state's dollar.   Although the program is in the form  
            of a tax credit, all the participants behave virtually as  
            though they were dealing with an allocation of grant funds.   
            Thus, traditionally, the state LIHTC program, similarly to the  
            federal program, has been administered just as though it were  
            an allocated grant program.

          However, some opponents of the federal LIHTC program believe  
            that government subsidies to the supply of housing are not as  
            efficient as demand-based subsidies, and that the LIHTC  
            program is not efficient as compared with other subsidy  
            mechanisms.<2>  Opponents also argue that the equity capital  
            raised from investment generally comes from syndicates of  
            individual investors or from corporations, at a steep price.   
            Furthermore, because the credit is very complex and risky to  
            investors, investors require high after-tax rates of return.   
            Finally, the costs of the LIHTC include the costs of  
            administration by federal and state housing and tax agencies.   


           10)FTB's Suggested Technical Amendments.   The FTB staff  
            recommended the following technical amendments to this bill:

          On page 2, line 17 and line 19 after "income" insert  
            "households"


          ---------------------------
          <2> See, e.g., Low-Income Housing Credit, L. E. Burman, Tax  
          Policy Center.










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            On page 14, line 10 and line 12 after "income" insert  
            "households"

            On page 26, line 10 and line 12 after "income" insert  
            "households"

            On page 5, line 22 after "the" delete "term at risk"

            On page 14, line 3, delete "members in the case of a limited  
            liability company"

            On page 14, lines 7-8, after "partnership" delete "the limited  
            liability company in the case of a limited liability company"

            On page 15, line 28, after "partnership" delete "limited  
            liability company"

            On page 26, line 3, after "partnership," delete "members in  
            the case of a limited liability company"

            On page 26, lines 7-8, after "partnership," delete "the  
            limited liability company in the case of a limited liability  
            company"

            On page 27, line 28, after "partnership," delete "limited  
            liability company"
             
            11)Double-Referral  .  This bill was double-referred to the  
            Assembly Committee on Housing and Community Development.  This  
            bill passed the Assembly Committee on Housing and Community  
            Development on a 7 - 0 vote on March 30, 2016.  For additional  
            discussion of this bill's provisions, please refer to that  
            committee's analysis.


           12)Related Legislation  .  AB 35 (Chiu and Atkins) is  
            substantially similar to this bill. AB 35 was vetoed by  
            Governor Brown on October 10, 2015.  The Governor's veto  











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            message stated the following:


            "I am returning the following nine bills without my signature:  




            "Assembly Bill 35
             Assembly Bill 88
             Assembly Bill 99
             Assembly Bill 428
             Assembly Bill 437
             Assembly Bill 515
             Assembly Bill 931
             Senate Bill 251
             Senate Bill 377

            "Each of these bills creates a new tax credit or expands an  
            existing tax credit. 

            "Despite strong revenue performance over the past few years,  
            the state's budget has remained precariously balanced due to  
            unexpected costs and the provision of new services.  Now,  
            without the extension of the managed care organization tax  
            that I called for in special session, next year's budget faces  
            the prospect of over $1 billion in cuts. 

            "Given these financial uncertainties, I cannot support  
            providing additional tax credits that will make balancing the  
            state's budget even more difficult.  Tax credits, like new  
            spending on programs, need to be considered comprehensively as  
            part of the budget deliberations."
            


          REGISTERED SUPPORT / OPPOSITION:













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          Support


          Apartment Association, California Southern Cities


          Apartment Association of Orange County 


          Burbank Housing Development Corporation


          California Apartment Association 


          California Building Industry Association (CBIA)


          California Chamber of Commerce


          California Coalition for Rural Housing


          California Credit Union League


          California Housing Consortium


          California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation


          California State Association of Counties


          Cities Association of Santa Clara County











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          City of Burbank


          City of Dublin


          City of Glendale


          City of Thousand Oaks


          City of Lakewood


          City of Livermore


          City of Santa Rosa


          City of Rancho Cucamonga


          Cities Association of Santa Clara County


          Disability Rights California


          East Bay Rental Housing Association


          East Bay Development Disabilities Legislative Coalition 


          Housing California











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          League of California Cities


          Non-Profit Housing Association of Northern California


          North Valley Property Owners Association


          Peoples' Self Help Housing Corporation 


          Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors


          The Arc California


          United Cerebral Palsy California Collaboration


          Western Center on Law and Poverty




          Opposition


          None on file




          Analysis Prepared by:Oksana Jaffe / REV. & TAX. / (916) 319-2098













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