Amended in Senate May 31, 2016

Amended in Senate April 26, 2016

Amended in Senate April 7, 2016

Amended in Senate March 28, 2016

Amended in Senate March 1, 2016

Senate Bill No. 868

Introduced by Senator Jackson

January 12, 2016

An act to amend Section 830.7 of the Penal Code, and to amend Section 21012 of, and to add Part 1.5 (commencing with Section 21750) to Division 9 of, the Public Utilities Code, relating to aviation.

LEGISLATIVE COUNSEL’S DIGEST

SB 868, as amended, Jackson. State Remote Piloted Aircraft Act.

Existing federal law, the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, provides for the integration of civil unmanned aircraft systems, commonly known as drones, into the National Airspace System. Existing federal law generally requires an aircraft to be registered with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), prohibits a person from operating a United States registered aircraft unless that aircraft displays specified nationality and registration marks, and, unless authorized by the FAA, prohibits a person from placing on any aircraft a design, mark, or symbol that modifies or confuses those nationality and registration marks.

The State Aeronautics Act governs various matters relative to aviation in the state, including, among other things, fostering and promoting safety in aeronautics and establishing only those regulations that are essential and clearly within the scope of the authority granted to the Department of Transportation by the Legislature, in order that persons may engage in every phase of aeronautics with the least possible restriction consistent with the safety and the rights of others. A violation of the act is a crime punishable by a fine of not more than $1,000 or by imprisonment of not more than 6 months, or both.

Existing law establishes the Office of Emergency Services in the office of the Governor and makes the Office of Emergency Services responsible for the state’s emergency and disaster response services for natural, technological, or manmade disasters and emergencies.

This bill would enact the State Remote Piloted Aircraft Act. The bill would establish conditions for operating remote piloted aircraft, including begin delete the procurement of end delete begin insert maintaining end insert liability insurance or proof of financial responsibility. The bill would authorize the department to adopt rules and regulations governing the conditions under which remote piloted aircraft may be operated for the purpose of protecting and ensuring the general public interest and safety and the safety of persons operating remote piloted aircraft. begin delete The bill would authorize the Office of Emergency Services to adopt rules and regulations and to make and amend general or special rules, orders, and procedures with respect to operating a remote piloted aircraft in certain circumstances, including operating a remote piloted aircraft within 500 feet of critical infrastructure. end delete begin insert The bill would prohibit the operation of remote piloted aircraft within 500 feet of critical infrastructure and in other specified areas, subject to exceptions, and would prohibit certain ways of operating remote piloted aircraft. end insert

The bill would authorize the department to make and amend general or special rules, orders, and procedures, and establish minimum standards consistent with the act as it deems necessary, to assist political subdivisions and their law enforcement agencies, and to enter into any contracts necessary to the execution of its powers pursuant to the act, as specified. The bill would provide that an officer or employee designated by the Director of Transportation to exercise certain powers of arrest, as specified, and any state or peace officer charged with the enforcement of state and local laws or begin delete ordinances, end delete begin insert ordinances end insert may enforce and assist in the enforcement of the act, any rules or orders issued under the act, and all other state laws applicable to remote piloted aircraft or unmanned aircraft systems. The bill would provide that remedies provided by the act are cumulative with any other remedies available under law. The bill would provide that the provisions of the act are severable. The bill would make a violation of any provision of the act or any rule or order issued pursuant to the act punishable as an infraction with a fine not exceeding $250, or as a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding 6 months, or by a fine not exceeding $1,000, or by both that fine and imprisonment.

Because the bill would create new crimes, the bill would impose a state-mandated local program.

The California Constitution requires the state to reimburse local agencies and school districts for certain costs mandated by the state. Statutory provisions establish procedures for making that reimbursement.

This bill would provide that no reimbursement is required by this act for a specified reason.

Vote: majority. Appropriation: no. Fiscal committee: yes. State-mandated local program: yes.

The people of the State of California do enact as follows:

SECTION 1.  

Section 830.7 of the Penal Code is amended to
read:

830.7.  

The following persons are not peace officers but may
exercise the powers of arrest of a peace officer as specified in
Section 836 during the course and within the scope of their
employment, if they successfully complete a course in the exercise
of those powers pursuant to Section 832:

(a) Persons designated by a cemetery authority pursuant to
Section 8325 of the Health and Safety Code.

(b) Persons regularly employed as security officers for
independent institutions of higher education, recognized under
subdivision (b) of Section 66010 of the Education Code, if the
institution has concluded a memorandum of understanding,
permitting the exercise of that authority, with the sheriff or the
chief of police within whose jurisdiction the institution lies.

(c) Persons regularly employed as security officers for health
facilities, as defined in Section 1250 of the Health and Safety Code,
that are owned and operated by cities, counties, and cities and
counties, if the facility has concluded a memorandum of
understanding, permitting the exercise of that authority, with the
sheriff or the chief of police within whose jurisdiction the facility
lies.

(d) Employees or classes of employees of the California
Department of Forestry and Fire Protection designated by the
Director of Forestry and Fire Protection, provided that the primary
duty of the employee shall be the enforcement of the law as that
duty is set forth in Section 4156 of the Public Resources Code.

(e) Persons regularly employed as inspectors, supervisors, or
security officers for transit districts, as defined in Section 99213
of the Public Utilities Code, if the district has concluded a
memorandum of understanding permitting the exercise of that
authority, with, as applicable, the sheriff, the chief of police, or
the Department of the California Highway Patrol within whose
jurisdiction the district lies. For the purposes of this subdivision,
the exercise of peace officer authority may include the authority
to remove a vehicle from a railroad right-of-way as set forth in
Section 22656 of the Vehicle Code.

(f) Officers and employees of the Department of Transportation
who are designated by the Director of Transportation to enforce
the provisions of the State Remote Piloted Aircraft Act (Part 1.5
(commencing with Section 21750) of Division 9 of the Public
Utilities Code), any rule or order issued under that part, or any
other law applicable to remote piloted aircraft or unmanned aircraft
systems.

(g) Nonpeace officers regularly employed as county parole
officers pursuant to Section 3089.

(h) Persons appointed by the Executive Director of the California
Science Center pursuant to Section 4108 of the Food and
Agricultural Code.

(i) Persons regularly employed as investigators by the
Department of Transportation for the City of Los Angeles and
designated by local ordinance as public officers, to the extent
necessary to enforce laws related to public transportation, and
authorized by a memorandum of understanding with the chief of
police, permitting the exercise of that authority. For the purposes
of this subdivision, “investigator” means an employee defined in
Section 53075.61 of the Government Code authorized by local
ordinance to enforce laws related to public transportation.
Transportation investigators authorized by this section shall not
be deemed “peace officers” for purposes of Sections 241 and 243.

(j) Persons regularly employed by any department of the City
of Los Angeles who are designated as security officers and
authorized by local ordinance to enforce laws related to the
preservation of peace in or about the properties owned, controlled,
operated, or administered by any department of the City of Los
Angeles and authorized by a memorandum of understanding with
the Chief of Police of the City of Los Angeles permitting the
exercise of that authority. Security officers authorized pursuant to
this subdivision shall not be deemed peace officers for purposes
of Sections 241 and 243.

(k) Illegal dumping enforcement officers or code enforcement
officers, to the extent necessary to enforce laws related to illegal
waste dumping or littering, and authorized by a memorandum of
understanding with, as applicable, the sheriff or chief of police
within whose jurisdiction the person is employed, permitting the
exercise of that authority. An “illegal dumping enforcement officer
or code enforcement officer” is defined, for purposes of this
section, as a person employed full time, part time, or as a volunteer
after completing training prescribed by law, by a city, county, or
city and county, whose duties include illegal dumping enforcement
and who is designated by local ordinance as a public officer. An
illegal dumping enforcement officer or code enforcement officer
may also be a person who is not regularly employed by a city,
county, or city and county, but who has met all training
requirements and is directly supervised by a regularly employed
illegal dumping enforcement officer or code enforcement officer
conducting illegal dumping enforcement. This person shall not
have the power of arrest or access to summary criminal history
information pursuant to this section. No person may be appointed
as an illegal dumping enforcement officer or code enforcement
officer if that person is disqualified pursuant to the criteria set forth
in Section 1029 of the Government Code. Persons regularly
employed by a city, county, or city and county designated pursuant
to this subdivision may be furnished state summary criminal history
information upon a showing of compelling need pursuant to
subdivision (c) of Section 11105.

SEC. 2.  

Section 21012 of the Public Utilities Code is amended
to read:

21012.  

“Aircraft” means any manned contrivance used or
designed for navigation of, or flight in, the air requiring
certification and registration as prescribed by federal statute or
regulation. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this
section, manned lighter-than-air balloons and ultralight vehicles
as defined in the regulations of the Federal Aviation Administration
(14 C.F.R. Part 103), whether or not certificated by the Federal
Aviation Administration, shall not be considered to be aircraft for
purposes of this part. “Aircraft” does not include remote piloted
aircraft, as defined in Section 21753.

SEC. 3.  

Part 1.5 (commencing with Section 21750) is added
to Division 9 of the Public Utilities Code, to read:

 

PART 1.5.  State Remote Piloted Aircraft Act

 

21750.  

This part may be cited as the “State Remote Piloted
Aircraft Act.”

21751.  

The purpose of this part is to further and protect the
public interest in remote piloted aircraft by all of the following
means:

(a) Encouraging the development and general use of remote
piloted aircraft.

(b) Fostering and promoting safety in remote piloted aeronautics.

(c) Preserving the fundamental right to privacy.

(d) Protecting the security of critical infrastructure.

(e) Protecting California’s natural resources.

(f) Encouraging the use of remote piloted aircraft for
newsgathering in a manner consistent with the fundamental right
to privacy.

(g) Granting to a state agency powers, and imposing upon it
duties, so that the state may properly perform its functions relative
to remote piloted aeronautics and effectively exercise its
jurisdiction over persons and property.

(h) Effecting, where feasible and consistent with the policies of
this state, uniformity with federal aeronautics laws and regulations.

(i) Establishing only those regulations that are essential and
clearly within the scope of the authority granted by the Legislature,
in order that persons may engage in every phase of remote piloted
aeronautics with the least possible restriction consistent with the
safety and the rights of others.

21752.  

(a) Unless the context otherwise requires, the
definitions and general provisions set forth in this part govern the
construction of this part.

(b) This part shall not be construed to do either of the following:

(1) Limit any power of the state or a political subdivision to
regulate the operation of remote piloted aircraft if the regulations
do not conflict with the provisions of this part.

(2) Preempt any local ordinance that regulates remotely piloted
aircraft or unmanned aircraft systems if the ordinance is consistent
with this part.

(c) Except as specified, this part shall not be construed as
prohibiting, restricting, or permitting the prohibition of the begin delete take-off, end delete
begin insert takeoff, end insert operation, or landing of remote piloted aircraft.

21753.  

(a) “Aircraft” means any contrivance used or designed
for navigation of, or flight in, the air.

(b) “Airport” means any area of land or water that is used, or
intended for use, for the landing and begin delete take-off end delete begin insert takeoff end insert of aircraft,
and any appurtenant areas that are used, or intended for use, for
airport buildings or other airport facilities or rights-of-way, and
all airport buildings and facilities located thereon.

(c) “Critical infrastructure” means systems and assets so vital
to the state that the incapacity or destruction of those systems or
assets would have a debilitating impact on security, economic
security, public health and safety, or any combination of those
matters.

(d) “Department” means the Department of Transportation.

(e) “Heliport” means any area of land, water, or structure used,
or intended for use, for the landing and begin delete take-off end delete begin insert takeoff end insert of
helicopters, and any appurtenant areas that are used, or intended
for use, for heliport buildings or other heliport facilities or
rights-of-way, and all heliport buildings and facilities located
thereon.

(f) “Operation of remote piloted aircraft” or “operate remote
piloted aircraft” means the use, navigation, or piloting of remote
piloted aircraft in the airspace over the land or waters of this state.

(g) “Person” means any individual, firm, partnership,
corporation, limited liability company, company, association, joint
stock association, or body politic; and includes any trustee,
receiver, assignee, or other similar representative.

(h) “Pilot” means the person in command of a remote piloted
aircraft while underway.

(i) “Political subdivision” means any county, city, begin insert whether
general law or chartered, end insert city and county, public corporation,
district, or other political entity or public corporation of this state.

(j) “Remote piloted aircraft” means an aircraft that is operated
without the possibility of direct human intervention from within
or on the aircraft.

(k) “Remote piloted aircraft system” means a remote piloted
aircraft and its associated elements, including communication
links, that are required for the pilot to control the remote piloted
aircraft.

21754.  

A person shall not operate a remote piloted aircraft in
any of the following circumstances:

(a) (1) Within 500 feet of critical infrastructure designated by
rule or regulation by the begin insert department, in consultation with the end insert Office
of Emergency begin delete Services end delete begin insert Services, end insert without first obtaining the consent
of the owner or operator of the critical infrastructure.

(2) This subdivision shall not apply to the operation of a remote
piloted aircraft by any person that the Federal Aviation
begin delete Administration end delete begin insert Administration, whether by permit, license, or rule, end insert
authorizes to operate a remote piloted aircraft for a commercial
purpose who operates the remote aircraft in a manner that complies
with the authorization or by any person described in Section 1070
of the Evidence Code if both of the following conditions are met:

(A) The operation of the remote piloted aircraft does not
unreasonably interfere with the operation of the critical
infrastructure.

(B) The operation of the remote piloted aircraft does not pose
an imminent and credible threat to the safety or security of the
critical infrastructure.

(b) Within 1,000 feet of a heliport without first obtaining the
consent of the owner or operator of the heliport, or without first
obtaining a waiver, exemption, or other begin delete authorization end delete begin insert authorization,
whether by permit, license, or rule, end insert for its operation from the
Federal Aviation Administration.

(c) Within five miles of an airport without first obtaining the
consent of the owner or operator of the airport, or without first
obtaining a waiver, exemption, or other begin delete authorization end delete begin insert authorization,
whether by permit, license, or rule, end insert for its operation from the
Federal Aviation Administration.

(d) Within any other area where the begin delete department or end delete begin insert department,
in consultation with end insert the Office of Emergency Services, through
rule or regulation, determines that unrestricted use of remote piloted
aircraft presents an imminent danger to public health and safety.

21755.  

A person shall not operate a remote piloted aircraft in
any of the following circumstances:

(a) Within the airspace overlaying units of the state park system,
unless the operator of the remote piloted aircraft has obtained a
permit authorizing the use of that aircraft in that airspace or the
unit of the state park system over which the remote piloted aircraft
is used has, by rule or regulation, authorized the launching, landing,
or operation of remote piloted aircraft.

(b) Within the airspace overlaying lands or waters managed by
the Department of Fish and Wildlife, unless the operator of the
remote piloted aircraft has obtained a permit authorizing the use
of that aircraft in that airspace or the Department of Fish and
Wildlife has, by rule or regulation, authorized the launching,
landing, or operation of remote piloted aircraft over those lands
or waters.

(c) (1) Within 500 feet of the State Capitol or other building
housing the state legislative offices and chambers, situated in the
area bounded by 10th, L, 15th, and N Streets in the City of
Sacramento, unless the operator of the remote piloted aircraft has
obtained a permit authorizing the use of that aircraft within 500
feet of the building or the Department of the California Highway
Patrol has, by rule or regulation, authorized the launching, landing,
or operation of remote piloted aircraft within 500 feet of the
building.

(2) This subdivision shall not apply to the operation of a remote
piloted aircraft by any person that the Federal Aviation
begin delete Administration end delete begin insert Administration, whether by permit, license, or rule, end insert
authorizes to operate a remote piloted aircraft for a commercial
purpose who operates the remote piloted aircraft in a manner that
complies with the authorization or by any person described in
Section 1070 of the Evidence Code if both of the following
conditions are met:

(A) The operation of the remote piloted aircraft does not
unreasonably interfere with the operation of the State Capitol.

(B) The operation of the remote piloted aircraft does not pose
an imminent and credible threat to the safety or security of the
State Capitol.

21756.  

Notwithstanding Sections 21754 and 21755, a person
may operate a remote piloted aircraft in any of the following
circumstances:

(a) In any airspace designated for the taking off or landing of
aircraft at an airport or heliport when the operator of the remote
piloted aircraft is both authorized to and engaged in taking off
from or landing at that airport or heliport.

(b) Upon or above any property to which the operator of the
remote piloted aircraft has a right of entry.

(c) Upon or above any property for which the operation of a
remote piloted aircraft has been permitted by the California Film
Commission pursuant to the Motion Picture, Television, and
Commercial Industries Act of 1984 (Chapter 1 (commencing with
Section 14998) of Part 5.7 of Division 3 of Title 2 of the
Government Code), provided the operator of the remote piloted
aircraft operates the aircraft pursuant to the permit and adheres to
all terms and conditions specified in the permit.

(d) In any location or airspace deemed necessary by the operator
of the remote piloted aircraft to avoid imminent danger to the life
and safety of another person or to the public at large.

21757.  

A person shall not weaponize a remote piloted aircraft
or operate a weaponized remote piloted aircraft.

21758.  

(a) A person shall not operate a remote piloted aircraft
in any of the following manners:

(1) In a manner that interferes with manned aircraft.

(2) In a manner that is prohibited by any federal statute or
regulation governing aeronautics.

(3) In a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life
or property of another.

(4) In a manner that constitutes a nuisance under Section 3479
of the Civil Code.

(5) In a manner that violates an individual’s right to privacy
under Section 1 of Article I of the California Constitution.

(6) In a manner that constitutes trespass under California law.

(b) A remotely piloted aircraft shall always give way to manned
aircraft.

begin insert

begin insert 21759. end insert   

(a) A person shall not knowingly and intentionally
operate a remote piloted aircraft, without authorization, in a
manner that interferes with the safe operation of amusement parks
or ski resorts in the state.

(b) As used in this section, “amusement park” means any
permanent facility or park providing amusement rides for use by
the public, and “amusement ride” means a mechanical device that
carries or conveys passengers along, around, or over a fixed or
restricted route or course for the purpose of giving passengers
amusement, pleasure, thrills, or excitement.

(c) As used in this section, “ski resort” means any permanent
facility or park providing recreational conveyances, such as aerial
tramways, aerial lifts, surface lifts, tows, conveyors, or other
devices or equipment, used primarily for participating in or
observing mountain sports activities.

end insert

begin delete 21759. end delete

begin insert 21760. end insert   

A person shall not operate a remote piloted aircraft in
this state without first complying with all licensing, registration,
and marking requirements required by the Federal Aviation
Administration.

begin delete 21760. end delete

begin insert 21761. end insert   

(a) Every commercial operator of a remote piloted
aircraft shall begin delete procure, and continue in effect end delete begin insert maintain, end insert so long as
the commercial operator continues to offer services for
compensation, adequate protection against liability imposed by
law upon operators of remote piloted aircraft.

(b) Any person using, operating, or renting a remote piloted
aircraft with the permission, expressed or implied, of a commercial
operator shall also begin delete procure end delete begin insert maintain end insert adequate protection against
liability imposed by law for the payment of damages for personal
bodily injuries, including death resulting therefrom, and property
damage as a result of an accident involving the remote piloted
aircraft.

(c) The department shall, after a public hearing, establish the
amount of liability insurance or proof of financial responsibility,
required by this section, that is reasonably necessary to provide
adequate compensation for damages incurred through an accident
involving a commercial operator of a remote piloted aircraft.

begin delete 21761. end delete

begin insert 21762. end insert   

(a) Consistent with the provisions of this part, the
department may adopt rules and regulations governing the
conditions under which remote piloted aircraft may be operated
for the purpose of protecting and ensuring the general public
interest and safety and the safety of persons operating remote
piloted aircraft.

(b) The department may make and amend general or special
rules, orders, and procedures, and establish minimum standards
consistent with this part as it deems necessary to administer this
part.

(c) In exercising authority under this part, the department shall
cooperate with and assist the federal government, political
subdivisions of this state, and others in the development of remote
piloted aeronautics, and shall seek to coordinate activities whenever
feasible.

(d) The department shall keep on file with the Secretary of State,
and at its principal office, a copy of all its rules and regulations,
adopted pursuant to this part, for public inspection.

(e) The department shall provide for the publication and general
distribution of all its orders, rules, regulations, and procedures
having general effect that are applicable to remote piloted aircraft.

begin delete

21762.  

(a) The Office of Emergency Services may adopt rules
and regulations, and may make and amend general or special rules,
orders, and procedures, as it deems necessary to administer
subdivisions (a) and (d) of Section 21754.

(b) In exercising authority under this part, the Office of
Emergency Services shall coordinate activities with the federal
government and political subdivisions of this state whenever
feasible.

(c) The Office of Emergency Services shall keep on file with
the Secretary of State, and at its principal office, a copy of all its
rules and regulations, adopted pursuant to this part, for public
inspection, and shall provide for the publication and general
distribution of all its orders, rules, regulations, and procedures
having general effect that are applicable to remote piloted aircraft.

end delete

21763.  

The department may do all of the following:

(a) Represent the state in remote piloted aeronautical matters
before federal and other agencies.

(b) Participate as plaintiff or defendant or as intervenor on behalf
of the state or any political subdivision or citizen in any controversy
that involves the interest of the state in remote piloted aeronautics.

(c) Assist political subdivisions and their law enforcement
agencies in becoming acquainted with and enforcing regulations
promulgated under this part.

(d) Enter into any contracts necessary to the execution of its
powers under this part. All contracts made by the department,
either as the agent of the state or as the agent of any political
subdivision, shall be made pursuant to the laws of the state
governing the making of like contracts.

(e) Exercise any of its powers under this part in cooperation
with any political subdivision, state agency, other states or their
political subdivisions, or the United States.

(f) Enforce this part and rules and orders issued under this part
in the name of the state by injunction or other legal process in the
federal, state, and local courts of this state or pursuant to any
federal, state, or local administrative hearing.

21764.  

A violation of any provision of this part or any rule or
order issued pursuant to this part shall be punishable as an
infraction with a fine not to exceed two hundred fifty dollars
($250), or as a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in a
county jail not exceeding six months, or by a fine not exceeding
one thousand dollars ($1,000), or by both that fine and
imprisonment.

21765.  

(a) An officer or employee designated by the director
pursuant to subdivision (b) and any state or peace officer charged
with the enforcement of state and local laws or ordinances may
enforce and assist in the enforcement of this part, any rule or order
issued under this part, and all other laws of the state applicable to
remote piloted aircraft or unmanned aircraft systems.

(b) In the enforcement of this part, any rule or order issued under
this part, or other law applicable to remote piloted aircraft or
unmanned aircraft systems, the director may designate any officer
or employee of the department to exercise the powers of arrest
pursuant to Section 830.7 of the Penal Code.

21766.  

Nothing in this part shall be construed to impair or
impede any other rights, causes of action, claims, or defenses
available under other laws. The remedies provided in this part are
cumulative with any other remedies available under other laws.

21767.  

The provisions of this part are severable. If any
provision of this part or its application is held to be invalid, that
invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications that can
be given effect without the invalid provision or application.

SEC. 4.  

No reimbursement is required by this act pursuant to
Section 6 of Article XIII B of the California Constitution because
the only costs that may be incurred by a local agency or school
district will be incurred because this act creates a new crime or
infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes the penalty
for a crime or infraction, within the meaning of Section 17556 of
the Government Code, or changes the definition of a crime within
the meaning of Section 6 of Article XIII B of the California
Constitution.